Education In The 1800S Essays - Antioch College,

Education In The 1800'S Education had an emphasis on many different aspects during the time prior to the Civil War. There was a certain irony that set the mode of this time making things that were said irrelevant to the actions that were taken. The paradoxes of education in Pre civil war America, are evidenced in subject matter, gender, class and race, as well as purpose. American education developed from European intellectual traditions and institutions transplanted to the new world and modified by contact among different colonial groups and between new settlers and indigenous peoples. The English majority had the most influence on education. In New England, also including the 13 colonies, the English language, laws, and customs had become the complete basis in colonial educational practice. (Cremin313). Education for Americans had been a problem ever since its beginning. Many people agreed with James Madison that ?All people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives.? Many people felt that school was good and necessary, but were concerned about the cost. (Wright, Fowler 187). English Protestantism became the leading aspect for colonial education aspirations. Piety combined with devotion to vocation became the aim of education for the individual, and social perfectionism combined with an aggressive evangelism became the aim of education for the community. (Cremin 313-314). The necessity of being able to read the bible was one of the great motivations for schooling among protestant people. The key to salvation, Protestants believed, was to be found in the individuals reading of the scriptures, and in order to do this, everyone had to have enough knowledge to read the bible. (Wright 133-134) Family, above all, was the most important institution in both socialization and education. Families of the new world had a great organization in relationships in education and scriptural readings. Fathers were responsible for educating their sons or daughters and even apprentices or indentured servants living in their homes. With the help of their wives and other relatives of the family, fathers were able to teach their children how to read, or perform other practices that would help them in their everyday lives. They also wanted to install a sense of duty, morality, example, and discipline. (Cremin 314). Well to do families hired tutors for their children and sometimes shared their services with neighbors. Less fortunate people living in the back woods regions might have to do without schooling or get what they could from itinerant school masters and circuit- riding persons. (Wright 135) During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the family was much more than a sense of background, love and support. The family participated in many functions. Families were factories, farms helping to grow food, schools teaching their relatives about education, religious centers reading the bible and going to church, hospital, jails and almshouses. Since family shared an enormous part in education, education was mainly associated with most economic and social activities. (Cremin 314) The first formal schools existed in the 1630's. By 1635 The Boston Latin schools was established. The Boston Latin School was considered the first town supported school with a continuous history. (Cremin 314). The Boston Latin School is one of the most famous to this day. Citizens of Boston hired a schoolmaster to teach Latin in the school. (Wright 140) The school intended to advance literacy so that all could possess ?Knowledge of the scriptures.?(Cremin 314). Although schools during the 19th century seemed to show a separation between religion and secularism, there were Pro-Christianity communities that taught an immense amount of religion. Church should have been just a place where families would gather together when they pleased. A place where people can pray on their own time, and feel a sense of separation between what went on in their everyday lives and what went on in their holy lives, but that is not the way it was. According to one view, in earlier days, children needed to be justified by Christianity and the children of light were waiting for the word of god to bring them to salvation, and that it was the duty of the colonists to teach them to read the bible and learn Christian ways. (Wright 135). In

Free Essays on Teaching Philosopy

Teaching Philosophy Through careful consideration and thorough self-assessment I found that I am a pragmatist in philosophy and progressivist in my teaching theory. I believe that experience is how students learn best. I think by taking experiences in life and applying them to a problem you can not only better understand the answer you can also better understand the possible answers therefore have a more thorough and deeper understanding of any material covered. My pragmatist beliefs have a direct correlation on my teaching theory, which is progressivism. My belief in progressivism has to do with the organized freedom that the theory is based on. I think giving the students a topic/problem to freely discuss makes learning more meaningful and develops an open mind to others beliefs. Due to the fact that I want open discussions in my classroom I would set the room design in such a way that everyone can have eye contact with me and with each other. I feel that setting the chairs up in a half circle would be the best set up for this and would even help stimulate and promote my teaching philosophy and teaching theory. Though I feel this would be the best set up I would be open to ideas of the students as to what set up they feel most benefits them and one which they are most comfortable in. Another key factor in my teaching philosophy and theory would be making sure that my classroom was open to discussion but controlled by keeping the topics discussed relevant to whatever is being taught. Overall I feel that understanding my philosophies and adapting them to the student will be the key to ensuring that the maximum potential of everyone is reached.... Free Essays on Teaching Philosopy Free Essays on Teaching Philosopy Teaching Philosophy Through careful consideration and thorough self-assessment I found that I am a pragmatist in philosophy and progressivist in my teaching theory. I believe that experience is how students learn best. I think by taking experiences in life and applying them to a problem you can not only better understand the answer you can also better understand the possible answers therefore have a more thorough and deeper understanding of any material covered. My pragmatist beliefs have a direct correlation on my teaching theory, which is progressivism. My belief in progressivism has to do with the organized freedom that the theory is based on. I think giving the students a topic/problem to freely discuss makes learning more meaningful and develops an open mind to others beliefs. Due to the fact that I want open discussions in my classroom I would set the room design in such a way that everyone can have eye contact with me and with each other. I feel that setting the chairs up in a half circle would be the best set up for this and would even help stimulate and promote my teaching philosophy and teaching theory. Though I feel this would be the best set up I would be open to ideas of the students as to what set up they feel most benefits them and one which they are most comfortable in. Another key factor in my teaching philosophy and theory would be making sure that my classroom was open to discussion but controlled by keeping the topics discussed relevant to whatever is being taught. Overall I feel that understanding my philosophies and adapting them to the student will be the key to ensuring that the maximum potential of everyone is reached....

Dupont Analysis Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Dupont Analysis Project - Assignment Example Adidas AG is on the other had a German MNC that designs and manufactures sports accessories and apparels. Adidas also produces shirts, watches, bags, eyewear, and other sports related accessories. The products of Nike can be categorized into seven key types namely, Basketball, Football or Soccer, Women’s Training, Running, Men’s Training, Nike Sportswear, and Action Sports. In addition to the products mentioned above the portfolio of Adidas also include products like Cricket, Tennis, Golf, Rugby, Lacrosse, Gymnastics, Skateboarding, and Hockey. The companies operate in a very competitive domestic and macroeconomic environment. This is apparent from the level of diversification strategies adopted by Adidas and Nike in order to reduce the level of competition. Both companies have also diversified their operations internationally and but still faces competition from other local and international firms like Puma. Rapid transition in technology and consumer preferences in market for athletic apparel and accessories posed considerable risk for business operations. Some of the specific identified risk factors are: The DuPont analysis can be used to analyse the inherent strengths and weakness of any firm as reflected from it’s publish financial statements. Basically, the analysis involves determination of three types of key ratios namely profitability, efficiency, and equity multiplier that estimates operating efficiency, asset utilization and financial leverage respectively. The DuPont analysis calculates the return on equity that is calculated using the following formula: Profitability- This ratio is a comprehensive measure of profitability that gives the rate at which the sales are being transformed into corporate profits at different levels of business operations. The profitability of Nike was higher than that of Adidas from 2010 to 2012. When profitability trends of both

The relations between the U.S. and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The relations between the U.S. and China - Essay Example Improving relations with China also require the United States to take an approach that that is not geared to contain China. The relationship between the United States and China over the last century has been marked by a lack of understanding by the former towards the latter. The United States has, for the most part, failed to realize the aspirations of the Chinese and has often considered it to either not being important enough to its strategic interests, or seen it as a rival that needs to be countered. China on its part needs to use President Xi’s visit to the United States to convince the world that of upholding basic rules and norms when dealing, for example, with its neighbors. China can also use the visit to advocate for the establishment of regional institutions to help promote cooperation between the two countries regardless of conflicting interests. On another note, the S&ED is an opportunity for China to raise the major issue that they feel need to be resolved to imp rove the bilateral relations between the two countries. The S&ED is important for China and the United States in terms of ensuring that both countries pursue a cooperative and constructive relationship. Through the S&ED, China can set its goals on how to improve bilateral relations and discuss matters of mutual interest. China has a role to play in the international sphere in terms of resolving regional challenges. The President of China can also use the visit to discuss the way forward with regard to hastening global economic recovery.

Current event of a business subject in the US Essay

Current event of a business subject in the US - Essay Example It makes reference to the Ingenuity that is necessary for every job assignment, from a garbage collector to a transport engineer, a tennis player to a fashion model. All these can be summed up in two words, â€Å"Work Ethics†. Without work ethics, the heavy monetary budget and incentives on education is of no use. The unpleasant news is that instilling a sound work ethic in the current social breed of youthful generation is tremendously hard to accomplish. Work ethics has no standard definition, but it can be viewed as a set of characteristics and attitudes that an individual employee allots to the grandness and virtue of work. Some attributes of solid work ethics include promptness, diligence, reliability, ambitiousness, dutifulness, honesty, sobriety and other traits generally considered acceptable insofar as good workmanship is concerned. Lack of these attributes in a worker is made manifest through laziness, shoddy performance of tasks and waste of time in endeavors that are not job related. To make matters worse, there is no clear legal framework for the enforcement of work ethics since it is never a part and parcel of the job description. This explains why public job creation debates ignore this argument entirely. A strong work ethic mostly results from the manner in which a person is brought up and strengthened by early and appropriate training. This is for the most part uncharacteristic of the rush to cut down unemployment in today’s world.   At a tender age, a child must be instructed on the importance of doing assignments and completing it on time, and that laziness of any form is unacceptable and inappropriate. This calls for strong family nurturing which instills in an individual a strong sense of responsibility. Policies adopted by colleges are not of much help when it comes to instilling appropriate work ethics. There is an approach to increase college revenue by maximizing enrolment, and consequently the standards are becoming

Brief Overview Comparing Associate And Baccalaureate Prepared Nurses Nursing Essay

Brief Overview Comparing Associate And Baccalaureate Prepared Nurses Nursing Essay This paper explores the major differences between associate and baccalaureate prepared nurses. Although associate and baccalaureate prepared nurses both sit for the same national exam after program graduation, they are still different in many ways. Baccalaureate prepared nurses must encompass all the same schooling as the associate prepared nurse, but must additionally take on courses to prepare them to meet the demands of todays nursing. Baccalaureate prepared nurses also are more beneficial to their patients and workplaces by providing patients with safer care, and also with the ability to advance their career quicker than the associate prepared nurse. These nurses differ from ADN prepared nurses because they possess greater knowledge regarding health promotion, disease prevention, and reduction of risk. Knowledge in leadership and management, community nursing, and overall wellness also make the ADN nurse and BSN nurse dissimilar. Both educated nurses work to achieve the best poss ible level of wellness for their patients. Keywords: Associate prepared nurse(s), baccalaureate prepared nurse(s) A Brief Overview Comparing Associate and Baccalaureate Prepared Nurses The first baccalaureate nursing programs were established in the US in the early 1900s, but the need for nurses didnt start until the 1960s. The associate degree level of nursing was developed out of a need to produce nurses in response to a shortage during and following World War II. Although the associate degree programs alleviated the shortage back then, it was never meant to replace the professional level of nursing education. Recently, associate degree programs have become more popular because of the inexpensive cost and the amount of time it takes to obtain a degree. Researchers have shown that although there are many similarities, the benefit of an associate prepared (ADN) nurse to pursue a baccalaureate (BSN) degree is much greater than it is to just stop at the ADN level. This paper evaluates the difference between ADN prepared nurses and BSN prepared nurses that include the education one must obtain, the level of competencies and care for the patient, and the opportunity fo r career advancement. Although education between both degree programs are similar, the baccalaureate nursing programs offer the nurse greater knowledge. Baccalaureate nursing programs contain all of the courses taught in associate degree programs, but then also incorporate more science courses, nursing theory and research, community health, and leadership and management. The extra course work is meant to enhance the nurses professional development and prepare the nurse for a broader scope of practice. The additional knowledge also provides the nurse with a better understanding of any issues that may affect the patients and influence the delivery of care. Baccalaureate graduates also are taught to have more analytical and creative capacities and can eventually demonstrate stronger nursing skills in all areas. Whats more, with a baccalaureate degree, nurses that wish to further their education or strive for a higher position like a nurse practitioner, certified registered nurse anesthetist, or even a nurse educator, can do so. An associates prepared nurse cannot. In addition to the supplementary education that BSN nurses obtain, BSN nurses are known to offer a more individualized quality of care to their patients than the ADN nurse. Baccalaureate nurses demonstrate this by providing patient care that centers on uniquely identifying, respecting, and addressing patient issues, values, and needs. Various studies have also found that BSN nurses have a stronger communication system and use more problem solving skills (Johnson, 1988). They also have a higher proficiency in their ability to make nursing diagnoses and evaluate nursing interventions (Giger Davidhizar, 1990). Baccalaureate prepared nurses are prepared to adapt to situations more accurately than an associates prepared nurse. They are shown how to apply more specific care to their patients to prevent disease and achieve optimum levels of wellness. A study conducted by the California Institute for Nursing Health Care in 2008 found that higher prevalence of baccalaureate and masters-prep ared RNs at the bedside positively impact patient outcomes. The director stated, there is a growing body of evidence that shows that BSN graduates bring unique skills to their work as nursing clinicians and play an important role in the delivery of safe patient care. The link between higher levels of nursing education and better patient outcomes clearly shows positive impacts for not only the patients, but also to the nurses. The additional knowledge that a BSN prepared nurse gains from the courses in management and leadership allows for these nurses to partake in career advancement. This does not mean that an associate prepared nurse cannot ever obtain these higher positions, but that it will take longer. For example, if I, an associate prepared staff nurse, and a bachelor prepared nurse were both to apply for a position as a charge nurse, the bachelor prepared nurse will more likely be given the position because the BSN prepared nurse is more educated in leadership and management. The career ladder is much steeper for the ADN nurse. In many studies conducted, many chief nurse officers in university hospitals also express their preference to hire BSN nurses based on their education. In a 2001 survey published in the Journal of Nursing Administration, 72% of these directors identified dissimilarities in practice between nurses, stating, BSN nurses are prized for their skills in critical thinking, leadersh ip, case management, and health promotion, and for their ability to practice across a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings. Thus, offering the BSN nurse greater opportunities for career advancement in whatever setting they choose. The differences mentioned in this paper are just a few out of many differences between ADN prepared nurses and BSN prepared nurses. These differences include, but are not limited to education, the level of competencies and care for the patient, and the opportunity for career advancement. What is most important is for our society to recognize that as nurses expand their role and progress further into providing more unique care, the need for BSN prepared nurses will become more vital to facilitate to todays new world of medicine and technology.

Christopher Pike :: essays research papers

Final Friends Book1: The Vampire Author: Christopher Pike Pages: 211 Published: Pocket Books/ Archway Paperbacks 40 Questions: 1. In chapter 1, what does Sam have a dream of? p. 4. He has a dream that his whole class will die because they will be killed by a vampire. 2. In chapter 1, who is going to be throwing a large party? p. 4. Sam. He doesn’t live in a very big house but he has a big yard. Too, his parents try to act â€Å"cool† so they are letting him have the party. 3. Why does everybody at school think Drake is a vampire? p. 6,7. First of all his name is kind of like Dracula, and second his canine teeth for some reason are distorted and they are really sharp. 4. Why does David get jealous when he sees his girlfriend talking to Drake? p. 7.Because Jolie is usually shy and doesn’t talk to other guys. 5. What does Jolie say is the reason why she is talking to another guy? p. 8 She says she was talking to Drake because she needed help with her homework. But David doesn’t believe her because she is a strait A student. 6. Why does Hanna, David’s sister, get mad at her teacher? p. 19. Because she gets kicked out of class for talking when really it was the girl next to her that was talking to her. 7. Why does Hanna go over to Jane’s house? p. 21. Because they are planning to play a practical joke on Hanna’s teacher for kicking her out of class. 8. What joke is Hanna going to play on her teacher Mr. Torkelson. p. 22. She is going to cut the brakes on his car. 9. Why does David almost get in a fight with Drake? p. 38. Because Drake spills coffee on David, and David thinks it is on purpose because David thinks that Drake wants to take his girlfriend. 10. (related to question 9) What does Drake whisper under his breath as he is walking away? p. 39. He says, â€Å"You better watch out, next time it will hurt a lot more.† 11. How does Hanna feel after she messes with Torkelson’s car? p. 45. She regrets it because she thinks that something bad will happen. 12. Why is David sure now that his girlfriend is cheating on him? p. 50. Because he sees her kissing Drake in the arcade. 13. How does Mr. Torkelson die? p. 61. He dies in a car accident. 14. Why does Hanna seem really depressed? p. 63.

Pestle Zara

Pestle Analysis of Zara SOE11108 Sources of Competitive Advantage Assessment 1 Group Presentation PESTEL – Analysis [pic] Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Overview 3 3 Business Environment 3 4 Political 4 5 Economic 4 6 Social 5 7 Technological 6 8 Environmental 6 9 Legislative 8 10 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction The global apparel market is a consumer-driven industry. Also, globalization and new technologies have allowed consumers to have more access to fashion. As a result, consumers are changing, competition is fierce, and companies are evolving to meet these demands.Zara, a Spanish-based chain owned by Inditex, is a retailer who has taken a new approach in the industry. With their unique strategy, Zara has the competitive advantage to be sustainable. In order to maintain that advantage and growth they must confront certain challenges and face traditional retailers in the apparel industry. So, now our group will analysis the PESTLE of Zara Company. (Lopez & Fan, 2009) Ov erview Zara is one of the largest international fashion companies and belongs to Inditex, which is one of the largest fashion retailers worldwide.Inditex operates in textile design, distribution and manufacturing. (Inditex, 2011 b) Zara operates in 78 countries worldwide with 1557 stores in the world’s largest cities. (Inditex, 2011 c) The company is founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega, located in Spain and had in 2010 a net sale of 8. 088 million of euro. (Inditex, 2011 a) The have worldwide 1557 stores in 78 different countries. (Inditex, 2011 a) Aim: democratize fashion, offering latest fashion, medium quality and moderate price (Lopez & Fan, 2009)Structure: customer oriented, satisfaction of consumer needs (Mazaira, Gonzalez, & Avendano, 2003) Business Environment Global textile and clothing industry (Lopez & Fan, 2009) with 900 billion Euro in 200 worldwide (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006). Main competitors: H&M, Gap and Benetton (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006) Dynamic and innovative sec tor (Nordas, 2005) High quality fashion market vs. lower quality products (Nordas, 2005) Production in Europe vs. Production in low cost (Nordas, 2005) PoliticalInternationalisation: The key pull factors that explain the internationalisation of Zara include Spain’s entry into the European Union in 1986, the globalisation of the economy and thus potential economies of scale, the homogenisation of consumption patterns across countries – Zara’s belief is that â€Å"national frontiers are no impediment to sharing a single fashion culture† – and the abolition of barriers to export as well as the development of information technology (Lopez & Fan, 2009). Indian Market:India provided open market for Zara as Indian government is willingly to provide foreign investment in their country, but Indian Govt. Has their own policy which are to be adhered by organizations as Zara formed joint venture with TATA (Shah, 2011). Economic Production NOT transferred to lo w cost locations Zara resisted the industry-wide trend towards transferring fast fashion production to low cost countries like for example China. Zara states that this gives the greater control as it controls most of its steps on the Supply Chain, designing, manufacturing and distributing of products (CNN, 2001).In the UK 50% of the product Zara sells are manufactured in Spain, 26% in the rest of Europe and 24% in Asian and African countries > clothes with longer shelf life like for example basic t-shirts are outsourced to low cost suppliers mainly in Asia and Turkey (Business Week, 2006). Zero Advertising Policy The most unusual company policy is its’ no advertising policy. It is worth noticing that Zara competitors rely heavily on costly advertising campaigns. However, Zara prefers to invest money in opening new stores instead (CNN, 2001). Producer of about 11 000 items annuallyThe product range of Zara company is significant. It produces nearly 11 000 items annually whilst its competitors produce only about 2000 – 4000. Moreover, Zara changes its designs every 2 weeks which encourages customers to repeated visits and builds the brand loyalty. An average high street store in Spain expects customers to visit three times a year. It is 17 times for Zara. (The Guardian, 2002). Shortening Product Life Cycle Additionally, Zara needs just 2 weeks to design a new product and get it to the stores whilst industry average is 6 months (Business Week, 2006).To sum up, Zara breaks all the rules but this strategy proves to be successful as Zara is one of the biggest retailers in the industry. REFERENCES LIST entrys Social Rising of income With the rising of disposable personal income, people began to pursue a high quality and comfortable life. This tendency provides Zara quite wide market share. Personalized consumption become the mainstream of society. The strategy of ZARA, â€Å"a small amount, variety, cheap,† is a major guarantor of its success. Fa st fashionRegarding the design strategy, an article in Business world magazine describes it as follows: â€Å"Zara was a fashion imitator. It focused its attention on understanding the fashion items that its customers wanted and then delivering them, rather than on promoting predicted season's trends via fashion shows and similar channels of influence, which the fashion industry traditionally used. † There will be a 0. 7% depreciation of fashion products every day. A new product, from design to produce, logistics operation and the final sale, only need 2-3 weeks in Zara. Affordable fashionAn increasing number of people pay more attention to fashion. But fashion is a masterpiece of top designers, only a few people can afford it. The designers of ZARA will follow these fashion elements and design their own product, which most consumers can afford it (Baidu, 2010). Technological R&D and Production 1. Fast production: Deliver within 6 weeks instead of 6 months which is the delive ry time from Zara’s competitors (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006). 2. Zara has only 20 suppliers which accounted 70% of their products. The other companies have for example more than 200 different suppliers.Therefore it’s easy for Zara to control their suppliers. Logistic 1. Own distribution centre with an order to delivery time of 24 hour for Europe and 48 hours to USA and Asia (Tokatli, 2007). 2. The shops receive two deliveries from distribution centre. That allows the shops to have low inventory and a high turnaround within the shop (Lopez & Fan, 2009) (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006). Flexible Supply Chain 1. Vertical integrated and controls its entire production chain. One important effect of the control is to re reduce the bullwhip effect. (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006) . Zara has very short lead times. The Agility of their supply chain enables Zara to deliver from product design to sale within 2 weaks for repeat or 5 weeks for new products (Mazaira, Gonzalez, & Avendano, 2003). Envir onmental Zara wants to help the sustainable developments of the society and the environments with which it interacts. This commitment to the environment is a part of the Inditex group corporate social responsibility policy. Objectives and Actions: At the sores: Zara saves energy and lot of care has been given to make the stores eco efficient.Development of efficient management models for their stores that proposes measures to be applied to all processes, from the design of the store itself, the lighting heating or cooling system equipment, to the possible recycling of furniture and decoration. Use of paper or biodegradable plastic bags 90% of the bags Zara gives out to customers are made of paper. 1. Reduction of waste and encourages recycling Millions of hangers and security tags are processed each year additionally both the cardboard and plastic used are recycled. 2. Increasing awareness among the team membersHeighten employee’s awareness of the need for sustainable practic es such as trimming energy consumption, using sustainable transport or modifying habits. With the product 1. Use of ecological fabrics, like organic cotton. Zara Supports ecological agriculture and uses organic cotton in the production of selected items of clothing (100% cotton, completely free of pesticide, chemical agents and bleaches). With a distinctive label these products can be identified very easily at the stores. 2. Producing PVC –free footwear No petroleum derivatives or non-biodegradable materials are used in producing the footwear.In the transport Zara’s fleet of Lorries transport over 200 million items of clothing annually and uses 5% biodiesel fuel, reducing emission of CO2 into the atmosphere by more than 500 tones. Animal welfare policy All the animal products, including fur and leather sold at Zara come exclusively from animal reared in livestock form and never from animal sacrificed for skin sale. (Zara, 2010) Legislative Plagiarism plagiarism in the fashion industry has become a huge issue. Trends are often copied and cheaply as well as illegally sold in the street. Global expansionAs the European market has a well working trade and legal system facilitating business operations in member countries, other countries globally will not offer the same securities, especially in communistic countries the threat of losing a private run company to the local government is very real. REFERENCES ? Conclusion ZARA was just a small Spanish dress shop, but now, the little-known brand has grown into a leader of the apparel market. Now the footprints of ZARA have around more than 60 countries. The big design group, unique strategy, environmental management idea and other operational strategies make ZARA success.

Biography of Ramses II

Biography of Ramses II Ramses II (ca 1303 BC – 1213 BC) was one of the most powerful and influential Egyptian pharaohs in history. He led expeditions and focused on building up the New Kingdom, and most likely reigned longer than any other pharaoh. Fast Facts: Ramses II Full Name:  Ramses II (alternative spelling Ramesses II)Also Known As: Usermaatre  SetepenreOccupation: Pharaoh of ancient EgyptBorn: circa 1303 BCDied: 1213 BCKnown For: The longest-reigning pharaoh in history, Ramses IIs reign defined the New Kingdom era of Egypt as one of conquest, expansion, building, and culture.Prominent Spouses: Nefertari (died circa 1255 BC), IsetnofretChildren: Amun-her-khepsef, Ramses, Meritamen, Bintanath, Pareherwenemef, Merneptah (future Pharaoh), and others Early Life and Reign Little is known about Ramses’ early life. His exact year of birth is not confirmed but is widely believed to be 1303 BC. His father was Seti I, the second pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, founded by Ramses I, the grandfather of Ramses II. Most likely, Ramses II came to the throne in 1279 BC, when he was approximately 24 years old. At some point prior to this, he married his future queen consort, Nefertari. Over the course of their marriage, they had at least four sons and two daughters, and possibly more, although historians have uncertain evidence of children beyond the six who are clearly mentioned in documents and on carvings. A statue of Ramses II stands in the Temple of Karnak in Luxor, Egypt. David Callan / Getty Images In the first few years of his reign, Ramses foreshadowed his later power with battles against sea pirates and the beginning of major building projects. His earliest known major victory came in the second year of his reign, probably 1277 BC, when he defeated the Sherden pirates. The Sherden, who most likely originated from Ionia or Sardinia, were a fleet of pirates who kept attacking cargo ships en route to Egypt, damaging or outright crippling Egyptian sea trade. Ramses also began his major building projects within the first three years of his reign. On his orders, the ancient temples in Thebes were completely renovated, specifically to honor Ramses and his power, revered as nearly divine. The stone carving methods used by past pharaohs resulted in shallow carvings which could easily be remade by their successors. In place of this, Ramses ordered much deeper carvings that would be harder to undo or alter in the future. Military Campaigns By the fourth year of his reign, approximately 1275 BC, Ramses was making major military moves to regain and expand Egypt’s territory. He began with war against the nearby Canaan, the region to the northeast of Egypt where the countries of the Middle East such as Israel now are located. One story from this era involves Ramses personally fighting a wounded Canaanite prince and, upon victory, taking the Canaanite prince to Egypt as prisoners. His military campaigns extended into areas previously held by the Hittites and, eventually, Syria. Wall carvings of Ramsess army defeating the Hittites.   skaman306 / Getty Images The Syrian campaign was one of the key points of Ramses’ early reign. Around 1274 BC, Ramses fought in Syria against the Hittites with two goals in mind: expanding Egypt’s borders, and replicating his father’s triumph at Kadesh about ten years earlier. Although Egyptian forces were outnumbered, he was able to counterattack and force the Hittites back into the city. However, Ramses realized his army wasn’t able to sustain the kind of siege required to take down the city, so he returned to Egypt, where he was building a new capital city, Pi-Ramesses. A few years later, however, Ramses was able to return to Hittite-held Syria and eventually pushed further north than any pharaoh in over a century. Unfortunately, his northern victories did not last long, and a small bit of land kept going back and forth between Egyptian and Hittite control. In addition to his campaigns in Syria against the Hittites, Ramses led military attempts in other regions. He spent some time, alongside his sons, on military action in Nubia, which had been conquered and colonized by Egypt a few centuries prior but continued to be a thorn in its side. In a surprising turn of events, Egypt actually became a place of refuge for a deposed Hittite king, Mursili III. When his uncle, the new king á ¸ ªattuÃ… ¡ili III demanded Mursili’s extradition, Ramses denied all knowledge of Mursili’s presence in Egypt. As a result, the two countries remained on the brink of war for several years. In 1258 BC, however, they chose to formally end the conflict, resulting in one of the earliest known peace treaties in human history (and the oldest with surviving documentation). In addition, Nefertari kept up a correspondence with Queen Puduhepa, á ¸ ªattuÃ… ¡ili’s wife. Buildings and Monuments Even more than his military expeditions, the reign of Ramses was defined by his obsession with building. His new capital city, Pi-Ramesses, featured multiple huge temples and a sprawling palatial complex. Over the course of his reign, he did more building than any of his predecessors. Aside from the new capital city, Ramses’ most enduring legacy was an enormous temple complex, dubbed the Ramesseum by the Egyptologist Jean-Franà §ois Champollion in 1829. It included large courtyards, enormous statues of Ramses, and scenes representing his army’s greatest victories and Ramses himself in the company of several deities. Today, 39 of the 48 original columns are still standing, but much of the rest of the temple and its statues have long since disappeared. The Great Temple at Abu Simbel is generally considered the greatest of the temples built during the reign of Ramses II. Tom Schwabel / Getty Images When Nefertari died, approximately 24 years into Ramses’ reign, she was buried in a tomb fit for a queen. The wall paintings inside the structure, depicting the heavens, the deities, and Nefertari’s presentation to the gods, are considered some of the most exquisite achievements in art in ancient Egypt. Nefertari was not Ramses’ only wife, but she was honored as the most important. Her son, the crown prince Amun-her-khepeshef, died a year later. Later Reign and Popular Legacy After reigning for 30 years, Ramses II celebrated the traditional jubilee held for the longest-ruling pharaohs, called a Sed festival. By this point in his reign, Ramses had already achieved most of the accomplishments he would be known for: expanding and maintaining the kingdom’s territory, improving the infrastructure, and building new monuments. Sed festivals were held every three (or, sometimes, two) years after the first one; Ramses ended up celebrating 13 or 14 of them, more than any other pharaoh before him. After reigning for 66 years, Ramses’ health deteriorated, as he suffered from arthritis and problems with his arteries and teeth. He died at the age of 90 and was succeeded by his son (the oldest son to outlive Ramses), Merneptah. He was first buried in the Valley of the Kings, but his body was moved to deter looters. In the 20th century, his mummy was taken to France for examination (which revealed that the pharaoh was most likely a fair-skinned redhead) and preservation. Today, it resides at the Museum of Cairo. One of the statues of Ramses II at the Temple of Luxor in Egypt. inigoarza  / Getty Images Ramses II was called the â€Å"Great Ancestor† by his own civilization, and several subsequent pharaohs took the regnal name Ramses in his honor. He’s often depicted in popular culture, and is one of the candidates for the pharaoh described in the Book of Exodus, although historians have never been able to determine conclusively who that pharaoh was. Ramses remains one of the best-known pharaohs and one who exemplifies what we know of the ancient Egyptian rulers. Sources Clayton, Peter. Chronology of the Pharaohs. London: Thames Hudson, 1994.Kitchen, Kenneth. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. London: Aris Phillips, 1983.Rattini, Kristin Baird. â€Å"Who Was Ramses II?† National Geographic, 13 May 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/people/reference/ramses-ii/.

The Problem with Grammar Check

The Problem with Grammar Check The Problem with Grammar Check The Problem with Grammar Check By Mark Nichol A couple of years ago, a visitor to this site posted a comment asking for help. In a Word document, this person had written the sentence â€Å"The nouns and verbs are the main content words in this poem and without emphasis on them, this poem has little to no meaning.† Word’s grammar check admonished the writer to insert a semicolon in place of the comma following them. What? Errant nonsense, and puzzling advice, at that. One respondent erroneously agreed with Bill Gates, while two people associated with this site validated the original writer’s reluctance to follow Word’s word. But they didn’t explain why the grammar check had recommended this faulty course of action. I didn’t understand it, either, but then I looked a little closer. As another poster remarked, a human editor trumps a computer-generated one. Computers may be able to defeat humans at chess, but I doubt they’ll ever beat people at editing. Why? They can compute, but they can’t think. Here’s where Word went wrong: It assumed that the phrase â€Å"in this poem and without emphasis on them† was a compound phrase with the same structure as â€Å"on this page and on the next,† for example, and that this sentence could end with this phrase. If that were true, â€Å"this poem has little to no meaning† would be an independent clause that could stand on its own. But because the computer misread the context, it did not admonish the writer to correct a real error: A comma should follow the first instance of poem. The correct form of the sentence is â€Å"The nouns and verbs are the main content words in this poem, and without emphasis on them, this poem has little to no meaning.† (I also agree with the poster who pointed out that the phrase at the end of the sentence is more idiomatically correct rendered as â€Å"little or no meaning.†) In this sentence â€Å"this poem has little to no meaning† is not an independent clause, but it is part of one: â€Å"without emphasis on them, this poem has little to no meaning† could stand as a separate sentence, so it should be preceded by a comma and the conjunction and.† The moral of the story? Word’s grammar check, like its spell-check function, can be helpful, but it can also misinterpret your intent as a writer. As the sage says, â€Å"Trust, but verify.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives"Certified" and "Certificated"Ulterior and Alterior

Practical Considerations in Gene Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Practical Considerations in Gene Therapy - Essay Example The important practical considerations pertain to applications, problems, ethics, communications, and prospects. Using the perspective of Culver (1994a), Cotrim and Baum explained that gene therapy is a procedure that â€Å"typically involves the insertion of a functioning gene cells to correct dysfunction or to provide new cellular functions.† Culver (1994a) is a physician’s handbook on gene therapy. In 1994, Culver (1994b) had already outlined a procedure for the clinical applications of gene therapy for cancers. When a medical situation involves defective genes, an option to use gene therapy arises. Some of the diseases that result from defective genes include immunodeficiency syndromes, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and many types of cancers (Cotrim and Baum 2008, p. 97). Another perspective on gene therapy comes from the United Kingdom Parliament Office on Science and Technology. According to the Office (2005, p. 1), gene therapy â€Å"involves the introduction of genetic material into a cell to treat disease.† Finally, another alternative definition of gene therapy is â€Å"transferring recombinant genetic material (DNA or RNA) to the host cell in order to change the gene expression in the host cell in order to change the gene expression in the host cell to attain therapeutic effect.† Most likely, the definitions we choose to adopt or highlight can be associated with the specific therapy or ailments on which we want gene therapy to work.

European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union Law - Essay Example Problems arise every now and then when the acts and decisions of these EU institutions overlap or run into conflict with the mandates of their national counterparts. For example, the ECJ has rendered decisions that member states found incompatible with their own statutes as observed by their national courts. This paper discusses the EU setup as a unique constitutional body whose implementing arms sometimes perform acts that encroach upon the functions and purposes of the national institutions of member states, but it nonetheless succeeds in stringing the disparate Community members into a cohesive whole. Special attention is given to the ECJ whose role it is to implement the EU Constitution and laws, as well as interpret the EC treaties as these apply to specific cases on the national levels. Under Article 234 of the Constitution, the ECJ is tasked with giving preliminary rulings on interpretation of the treaties, the validity or legality of any acts of the EC institutions, and interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Commission. In 146/73 Rheinmuhlen (1974) ECR 139, it was emphasized that Article 234 is "essential for the preservation of the EC character of the law established by the EU Treaty and has the object of ensuring that in all circumstances, the law is the same in all states of the Community." When questions of EC law arises, national courts may apply to ECJ for a preliminary ruling on matters of interpretation or validity, after which they may apply the law for their own purposes. In effect, the ECJ reviews the legality of acts passed by the European Parliament and Commission. EC Website (2002) points out that in safeguarding fundamental rights, the ECJ is expected to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions of member st ates, such that it cannot uphold measures that are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and protected by the constitutions of member states. On paper, the ECJ appears to have effectively played its role of shaping a polity instrumental in bringing the Union to new levels of peace, stability and economic growth. However, the Court of Justice contends with accusations from time to time that it pursues an agenda that departs from the spirit of the treaties, from which it really derives its powers. The rest of this essay examines the ECJ acts and decisions in relation to specific cases to determine if there is any validity to such accusations. Community Method The most salient feature of the new Constitution for Europe, which was finalized in 2004, is the provisions on the so-called Community Method and on "subsidiarity." For the first time, the Constitution also gives European citizens the right to ask the Union to launch initiatives. Under the Community Method principle, the EU law has primacy over the law of member states. This means that any EU law is an integral part of the law in each member state, whose courts are duty-bound to apply it. As for subsidiarity, this new principle enshrined in the new Constitution dictates that if member states cannot transpose EU laws into national laws, the Community would act to see that the