Fast food Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Fast food Research Report - Essay Example Approximately 22 percent of the interviewed respondents stated that they took fast food four days in a week and more than one-fifth of the population had the meal on daily basis. Although 90 percent were aware of the adverse effects of fast foods, they were still addicted to it. Health education programs, public awareness campaigns as well as dietary guidelines could be initiated so as to address the unhealthy lifestyles of the students and help them improve on their health. Good tastes of the foods, low costs were some of the main reasons given by the students for consuming fast foods occasionally. Others said that the foods are quick, easy to get and cheap. Other students said that they are very busy to cook and that they don’t like the experience of cooking. On the other hand, high costs and preference for other restaurants were the major reasons not to consume such foods (Fraser, Edwards, Cade, Clarke 2012, 82). The average monthly frequency of consumption of fast foods by the students was 4.05 (4.25 for men and 3.83 for ladies). As anticipated, the consumption of fast foods was considered to be a special event instead of being a part of ever day diet, closely connected with meeting close friends and celebrating on special occasions. Attitude towards the consumption of fast foods was not notably associated with the behavioral intention. Therefore, effective and efficient nutrition education programs on consumption of fast foods should include components to alter the subjective norms of fast food consumption, more so among peers as well as perceived behavioral control. Further studies should be conducted to examine effective ways of altering subjective norms and possible choices to fast food consumption for students in colleges and universities to alter perceived behavioral control (Brevard & Ricketts 1996, 35) Consumption of take

Disabled by Winifred Owen (Not Very Good) Essay Example for Free

Disabled by Winifred Owen (Not Very Good) Essay The poem â€Å"Disabled† by Winifred Owen uses many physical and mental contrasts/changes within the poem to help the reader understand the theme that lies beneath about how war is ironic, brutal and destructive. One of these changes is how the protagonist soldier goes from being a young sports hero to an old, disabled man in a wheelchair. Throughout the poem Winifred Owen uses quotes such as â€Å"smiling they wrote his lie aged nineteen† to imply that the soldier was under aged at his time of joining the army. Winifred also writes â€Å"After matches carried shoulder-high† which demonstrates the irony of how the soldier is â€Å"legless, sewn short at elbow† but talks about how he used to think so gloriously about his days when he used to be a sports hero and â€Å"liked a blood-smear down his leg† after his football matches. This helped me understand the theme that war is ironic and destructive by showing the dire contrast from a healthy boy to a crippled war veteran. The alliteration â€Å"half his lifetime lapsed in a hot race† is used to demonstrate again the irony and brutality of war by how half his life has passed by but it is described so quickly as a â€Å"hot race.† Alliteration was used to draw the readers’ attention to the line by exaggerating the first letter of nearly every word. This helped me understand the theme by demonstrating the consequences of war, how it feels like half his lifetime has gone by when wars really only last a few years. The important change of a young, fit man becoming a paraplegic is a perfect example of the destructive nature of war as it is such a major difference in a person’s life. This made me think about the wars going on all around the world and how good New Zealand men and women soldiers are being seriously injured.

My Other Self :: essays research papers

In "My Other Self" the essayist takes the reader on a journey through a girl’s torturous emotional problems during a short period of time. The essayist believes that to each person, there is an "other self". This other self is a side of us that no else knows exists. I think it is created by the repression of our strongest emotions. The girl in the essay is at a skating rink with her friends when one of the boys expresses a personal interest in her. When he asks to walk her home, the girl’s "other self" begins to feel trapped and nervous. "...and making my other self very, very nervous. She can not bear to be held or confined." The above sentence from "My Other Self", shows how the character refers to her other self as a completely different person. She does not realize that the emotions building her other self are really just a part of her normal psyche that she has pushed aside. In the sentence, "my other self slips towards hysteria." The essayist also shows that the girls "other self" is far less composed than the self that she shows to acquaintances. Her other self is confused, and anxious to explode. In the events with the young boy eventually the girl feels overpowered by the feelings and thoughts that her "other self" is thrusting into her mind. She flees the scene - leaving the young man quite confused, as he does not know what is bothering her. When the girl flees home she is overcome with emotion, and this her parents do not understand, so she pretends that she is upset about her skates - once again not allowing the honest expression of her other self.

The Great Gatsby Essay -- English Literature Essays

Texts can be valued and appreciated for numerous reasons, and this is particularly apparent in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby. The novel is a great part of 20th century literature and is valued for the themes and ideas which Fitzgerald presents, such as the importance of dreams in peoples’ lives, the myth that is the ‘American Dream’, Fitzgerald’s perspective of 1920’s life, and the style in which he portrays his ideas. It is also valued simply as a love story – as an entertaining narrative. In The Great Gatsby, dreams and their importance play a major part in the plot and underlying themes. It is seen that Gatsby himself presents this idea the most; this is because Gatsby is different to all the other characters in the novel as he actually has a dream – to â€Å"improve himself† which he hopes will eventually win back Daisy’s love. â€Å"†¦ An extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness such as I have never found in any other person†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The reader learns that Gatsby has had dreams and ambitions his entire life, while his parents had none; Gatsby was not fond of this characteristic found in his parents. His goals and aspirations made him who he was and he realised that he was different to his parents in this way. He left his home, his mother and father at a young age and was described as a â€Å"son of God.† Gatsby disconnected himself from his parents and created his own identity as God created people. Gatsby’s dream is symbolised by the green light on the end of Daisy’s dock, across the river from his house, and represents his desire for Daisy. Nick (narrator the story) admires this quality in Gatsby and excuses all his faults because of his hopes and dreams. In the end, Gatsby dies in pursuit of his dreams and Nick says, â€Å"No – Gatsby turned out alright at the end; it was what prayed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams.† Nick, unlike the other characters, doesn’t have any goals or aspirations. He doesn’t have high expectations, and is comfortable with the way he lives his life. However, the other characters, Jordan, Daisy, Tom and Myrtle, are not happy with what they already have, and only have goals that are short-term, and are often self-centered and concerned with money. The people attending Gatsby’s parties also appear to be materialistic and without ambitions. They go through life without directions or dre... ...urning to him. The light at the end of her dock reassures him that she is till close to him, and his house lights represent his attempt to attract her. His lights are only turned off after their first kiss, when he is comfortable that he has her back, and when he is dead. Wolfsheim’s human molar cufflinks represent an increasingly materialistic and unfeeling society. Yet this text should be simply enjoyed as a love story – as an entertaining narrative. The story of Gatsby’s attempts to win the love of Daisy is representative of the writing styles during the 1920’s, and is valued for this insight. The tale of a man loving a woman and dieing in the quest for her love appeals to readers on an emotional level. The numerous themes and ideas that F. Scott Fitzgerald presents in The Great Gatsby are valued in many ways. He shows that dreams should be important in peoples’ lives, and that everyone should have a goal in life. He also displays the corrupt nature of the American Dream in the 1920’s, and how society’s social classes and racist views will never result to equality in America. This perspective of 20th century life and Fitzgerald’s style are also appreciated and valued.

Fast Food Effects on Health

Fast Food Effects on Health In today’s age of convenience, fast food needs no introduction. Everyone from a 2-year-old toddler to a 60-year-old grandpa seems to be enjoying it every chance they get. And why not? It’s delicious, it’s filling, is really affordable, and readily available just any time of the day, being only a drive through phone call away. What more can you ask for when you are living life in the fast lane? Well, plenty – fast food is all good tasting, except that it is not nutritionally balanced and, therefore, unhealthy in the long run if consumed on a regular basis. Fast food is loaded with calories from refined sugar and fats (especially, the artery-clogging saturated and hydrogenated fats, which are repeatedly reheated to high temperatures for frying purposes). It is also very high in sodium, coming from common salt and other additives. On top of all this, fast food is deficient in dietary fiber and essential micro-nutrients like vitamins and minerals. To make matters worse, heaps of fast food are normally guzzled down with gallons of sugar-rich colas – which many fast-food restaurants serve free with food as an incentive. To make a long story short, all this results in piling up of unused empty calories in the body, which get stored as body fat – till one day you look in the mirror and realize that your great figure has been replaced by this creature in the mirror. But that’s not the end of the story, it’s just the beginning – consuming too much fast food not only turns a handsome guy into an unsightly obese man, but as Eric Schlosser points out in his book Please enable JavaScript to view this page content properly. it is a big health hazard too. And being physically inactive only adds to the problem of obesity. Not many people who love fast food are ready to acknowledge that obesity is not simply an eyesore – it is a major risk factor for a large number of deadly diseases like hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, and even many types of cancers. Recent scientific studies have shown that high-calorie foods rich in fats, refined sugar and salt could reconfigure the hormones in the body in such a way that they make you crave for such foods and always leave you asking for more. In other words, fast food is kind of addictive; you get hooked on to it and continue consuming it in an uncontrolled way in spite of knowing that it is unhealthy. The more you consume, the more difficult it is for you to opt for healthy foods. The situation is worse in case of children who from a very young age get hooked on fast food. Making them change their food habits from fatty and sweet foods and develop a taste for health-promoting fruits and vegetables is a task easier said than done. Such children would grow up to be obese adults who have never felt the advantages of being a healthy weight. To sum up, consuming fast food on a regular basis leads to many health hazards. But bringing about changes in eating habits is not easy. To start with, a simple change that one could make is to successively reduce the frequency of eating fast food and eat more frequently home-cooked food, with plenty of fresh foods and vegetables.

free speech and music essays

free speech and music essays Paging Mr. Zappa Where's Frank Zappa when you need him? The last time U.S. senators took to wagging their fingers at media executives and threatening legal restrictions if pop culture didn't get just a bit less ... well ... popular, Zappa shook his finger right back. He unleashed a torrent of righteous outrage at the assembled politicos and their busybody wives and he even looked cool doing it. One of the political wives to feel Zappa's wrath was Tipper Gore, whose hubby, Al, is currently laying into media executives as the Democratic candidate for president. Along with running-mate Sen. Joe Lieberman, Gore threatened restrictive legislation within six months if the entertainment industry didn't stop marketing violent films, recordings and videogames to America's youth. Lord knows, sixteen-year-old boys need powerful inducement to lure them away from chick flicks at the multiplex. Lieberman himself has been described by Wired as being "as strident as the most right-wing Republican" when it comes to calling for restrictions on sex and violence in music, TV, and videogames. As Wired implied, this isn't a pur...

Henry Ford1 essays

Henry Ford1 essays When Henry Ford was born on June 30th, 1863, neither him nor anyone for that matter, knew what an important role he would take in the future of mankind. Ford saw his first car when he was 12. He and his father where riding into Detroit at the time. At that moment, he knew what he wanted to do with his life: he wanted to make a difference in the automobile industry. Through out his life, he achieved this in an extraordinary way. That is why he will always be remembered in everyones heart. Whenever you drive down the road in your car, you can thank all of it to Henry Ford. Through his life he accomplished extraordinary achievements such as going from a poor farm boy to a wealthy inventor who helped Thomas Edison. When he was a young man, he figured out how to use simple inventions, such as the light bulb. He then taught himself the design of a steamboat engine. His goal was to build a horse-less carriage. He had come up with several designs and in 1896, he produced his first car, the Model A. When Fords first car came out, he had been interviewed by a reporter and when asked about the history of the car, he had said History is more or less bunk. Ford worked in Thomas Edisons factory for years and the left to become an apprentice for a car-producer in Detroit. While working there, he established how he was going to make the car. He looked through hundreds of books on bicycles and books on horse and buggies. Ford decided to use wheels from a bicycle, and the same steel framing. From the horse and buggy, he took the idea of the shape of the actual frame. He also made a handlebar that was in the same place as horse rider for a buggy. When Henry For opened his first automobile plant, not only did it bring much attention to the industry, but it also made people want to own a car so that they looked cool. People knew that this was going to be a successful industry so they wanted to work in it....

Family abuse essays

Family abuse essays In the United States, there are four to six children who classify to be the family sexual abused victims in every five minutes. Despite the fact that family sexual abuse is identified as a vital problem, our understanding and knowledge of family sexual abuse is very minimal. According to the information from the Midwest Childrens Resource Center (MCRC), it states that 65 % of referrals of suspected sexual abuse cases are child age 5 or under. How does the sexual abuse affect childrens lives? According to Hilary Cashman, Sexual Abuse may cause various kinds of disturbed behavior to adolescents, such as depression, school avoidance, running away, self-mutilation, eating disorders, sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy. (33) Therefore, the appropriate metal care and the effective prevention are not only minimizing the native influence to sexual abused victim, but also they help to prevent the tragedy happen to another innocent child. Based on the book of Cashman, Sexual abuse is defined as the involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in sexual activities that they do not truly comprehend to, they are unable to give informed consent, or violate the social taboos of family roles.(30) Due to the fact, our society does not have a very clear definition of sexual abuse, so abusers frequently assert or hint their victims to consent to sex with them. The example of Elizabeth provided by Cashman shows how unclear definition of sexual abuse helps her abuser out of the bounds of the law. Her father started to abuse her when she was only four and went on until she left home at the age eighteen. As a matter of fact, the physical harm exists in her life until she got married, but her father kept doing some other things to her. When Elizabeth was eleven or twelve years old, she was trying to find someone to help her. The first person she ever told was a priest, however, that ...

THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT IN THE GLOBAL WORLD Essay

THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT IN THE GLOBAL WORLD - Essay Example The logic behind employee's participation and empowerment is quite simple: by involving workers in those divisions that affect them and by increasing their autonomy and control over their work lives, employees will become more motivated, more committed to the organisation, more productive and more satisfied with their jobs. Empowerment is the authority to take decisions within one's area of operation without having to get approval; from anyone else. Here the operatives are encouraged to use their initiative to do things the way they like. To this end, the employees are given not just authority but resources as well so that they not only take decisions but implement them quickly. This empowerment means giving the employees the authority to make decisions and providing them with financial resources to implement these decisions (Koch & Godden, 1997 11). Employees participation and empowerment participation means sharing the decision making power with the lower ranks of an organisation in an appropriate manner (Lashley & McGoldrick, 1994, 35). When workers participate in organisational decisions they are able to see the big picture clearly and also how their actions would impact the overall growth of the company. They can offer feedback immediately based on their experiences and improve the quality of decisions greatly. Since they are now treated with respect, they begin to view the job and the organisation as their own, and commit themselves to organisational objectives whole heartedly. 3. Creating an Empowerment Culture Organization culture depends basically on its history, technology, industry, custom and practice, leadership style organization structure etc. All organizations are unique and therefore have unique cultures. However, if one examines the attributes of the majority of industrial organizations, there are a number of traits that are seen as desirable for effective organization. First, no organization can be isolated from cultural environment, that is, organization as a social unit must operate within the framework of the larger cultural system. As such, a congruency has to be maintained with the values of total culture. Second, organization may be considered as a subculture within the framework of total broader culture. No doubt, every organization develops its own norms and cultural pattern of behavior; these elements are developed within the context of the larger cultural pattern. No part of the system should go against it if both have to succeed. From this point of view, the creating an empowerment culture is important for the functioning of a modern organization. A model for understanding organizational culture is: Which effect

Undertake an investigative project in the animal management sector Assignment

Undertake an investigative project in the animal management sector - Assignment Example turn, offer support to the industry either through legislative procedures or by creating the appropriate environment to promote such performances (Bradley 144) However, there is a touch to this entertainment industry that has drawn the attention of rights activists all over the world and that is the use of animals in entertainment. Animals have been used by humans to perform various roles since historical times. In fact, in most mythical renditions or oral narrations, man has been mentioned to have domesticated animals from time immemorial. One of the animals is the dog. A dog is an animal that is considered man’s best friend. Over the years, the dog has been used by man for various activities including security as well as to run errands. This has been in exchange for accommodation and food. This is not to mean that left on its own, a dog would never take care of itself. Humans are conscious animals. The ability of man to have a subconscious mind sets him apart from the other animals. In domesticating these animals, the concern is usually on their welfare. This has given rise to animal rights lobby groups whose concerns are how people relate to animals in their quest for pets, social creatures, and entertainment (Webster 56). Therefore, any form of mistreatment on the animals is usually dealt with throu gh the legal stipulations in the law. From early history, man has always used animals to offer entertainment. For instance, dog races in America dates back to the seventieth century. However, as humans increase in number, the forms of entertainment and creativity have also evolved in tandem. Modern day entertainment involving animals like dogs is christened a circus. This is a type of entertainment in which both people and animals are brought to a stage and made to perform stunts that are not commonly witnessed. The audience in attendance usually pays money to attend such shows or witness the performances (Michael 99). As the games grew in popularity, so did

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Productivity of the public sector is again less competent compared to that of the private sector (Bhatia and Drew, 2006). Hence, in order to improve service of the public sector, the authorities are now concentrating on a technique called â€Å"lean management† so as to achieve higher efficiency. This practice has been used extensively in the private sector over years and has shown positive results (Dixon, 2012). This technique is nowadays used in a large variety of public services like, income tax processing, health care systems and urban planning systems, to enhance quality of the service. The lean management system is particularly crucial for the public sector because this improves quality of the service as well as reduces cost of providing them (Panneerselvam, 2005). The concept of lean management has been used both in the field of services and manufacturing. The concept was originally derived from Japanese manufacturing plants. The basic concept behind the idea is that if any process in unable to create value in the process of production, then it must be eliminated. The working of lean management is based on four main principles of flow, value, value stream and pull (Feld, 2001). The first one relates to elimination of interruptions from the process of production; the second one relates to price that customers are willing to pay for the products; the third one relates to elimination of the non-value activities; and finally the fourth factor relates to streamlining the products and process, until final consumption is made (Fliedner, 2011). The use of lean production techniques was embraced by the public sector for a number of reasons, namely quality of service, cost and resolving customer issues. Proper implementation of lean management system has the capability of improving the entire operating system by altering

Guest Speaker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Guest Speaker - Essay Example Martin. One of the primary weaknesses of the speech was the speakers delivery of his address. It was not enthusiastic enough and it infected his audience to feel the same lukewarm reception and involvement throughout the exercise. It appears like Martin - in his outline of his life, his causes, personal crusades, problems and triumphs feels disconnected from his lifes narrative. He was like reciting a life story of another person. He delivered each bit of information in a monotonous way, as if reading from a book and not from personal memory. It became hard to catch an emotion like sadness or righteous indignation when he found that his community lacked infrastructures like decent sidewalks or safe parks for the children, for instance; or, joy for crucial moments such as the several turning points of his career and for admiration of the people he looked up to and have shaped his growth as a person. It was an unfeeling way to deliver a narrative that actually talks about the speakers own lif e. It is easy to conclude that Martin is merely going through the motions of being a speaker. He merely played his role by saying his piece and that was it. There should have been some effort at engaging his audience as well. He should have taken time doing some research about those people sitting and listening to his message, and integrated the information in the way he shared his life experiences. It could have given him enough empathy in order to say what are relevant, what are useful and what are interesting to the audience. Of course, he was invited as a guest speaker in order for him to talk about what he has done with his life. So it is the audience duty to pay attention and learn whatever piece of information and wisdom being imparted. However, I believe that a speaker has this rare opportunity given to him to inspire people. Martin was given a platform in order to deliver a message and people are willing to listen. He should have asked himself prior to his

African Economic History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

African Economic History - Essay Example Speaking about Africa, at first we should mention that is the poorest country in the world with its 887 million people population. And it became even poorer than it was some 20 years ago. We could see Africa's regress looking on the foreign trade, international investments and the people's living standard. Its poor resources Africa's rebels spent on the military equipment and provisions for the warriors. The country overcame the civil and international wars. (Gleave, and Morgan 139) The Cold War triggered a great conflict between the African states. Given from another countries money aid was spent on the weapons and the donor countries shut their eyes to the wrong usage of their investments. In the region of the Great Lakes were the civil wars: in Somalia, Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Ivory Coast and Liberia. And of course we should mention the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) that raged in the 1990s. ("Niger, Country, Africa")Experts say this war dubbed Africa's First World War. The participants were six neighbouring states (Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, and Angola). This war was a result of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and the fall of President Mobutu with his decayed state. (Gleave, and Morgan 139) At the end of this war 4 million people were dead, and mostly all of the victims were civilians. The remarkable thing of the war, however, was the transfer from apartheid to majority rule in South Africa. By the end of 1990-s Somalia had still no government. And a lack of authority left it in a state of economic weakness and vulnerability, but on the other hand the conflict rate was low.

Guest Speaker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Guest Speaker - Essay Example Martin. One of the primary weaknesses of the speech was the speakers delivery of his address. It was not enthusiastic enough and it infected his audience to feel the same lukewarm reception and involvement throughout the exercise. It appears like Martin - in his outline of his life, his causes, personal crusades, problems and triumphs feels disconnected from his lifes narrative. He was like reciting a life story of another person. He delivered each bit of information in a monotonous way, as if reading from a book and not from personal memory. It became hard to catch an emotion like sadness or righteous indignation when he found that his community lacked infrastructures like decent sidewalks or safe parks for the children, for instance; or, joy for crucial moments such as the several turning points of his career and for admiration of the people he looked up to and have shaped his growth as a person. It was an unfeeling way to deliver a narrative that actually talks about the speakers own lif e. It is easy to conclude that Martin is merely going through the motions of being a speaker. He merely played his role by saying his piece and that was it. There should have been some effort at engaging his audience as well. He should have taken time doing some research about those people sitting and listening to his message, and integrated the information in the way he shared his life experiences. It could have given him enough empathy in order to say what are relevant, what are useful and what are interesting to the audience. Of course, he was invited as a guest speaker in order for him to talk about what he has done with his life. So it is the audience duty to pay attention and learn whatever piece of information and wisdom being imparted. However, I believe that a speaker has this rare opportunity given to him to inspire people. Martin was given a platform in order to deliver a message and people are willing to listen. He should have asked himself prior to his

Project Management of (what ever you prefer) Coursework

Project Management of (what ever you prefer) - Coursework Example w provides the project manager with the opportunity to review the success rate of the project in a comprehensive and successive manner, formally recognize the completion phase of the project, and identify â€Å"loose-ends† and at the same time foster best practices. In this report, post project reviewing techniques of a Television commercial will be present. Since this report is not aimed at comprehensive evaluation of the project, a proposal for the same will be highlighted. The post project review proposal is for a TV commercial project which has been already telecasted in many channels. However, it can be disclosed due to certain legal constraints. According to Carton, Adam and Sammon (2008) post project review is one of the most vital steps towards knowing the effectiveness of the project. In this context, i.e. to propose the most relevant ways of measuring the success of a project, both theories and personal experience will be reflected. The application or implementation of classic iron triangle of project management can be a viable option. According to the theory of project management, every project is constrained by time goals, cost goals and quality goals and to ensure success, all the three aforementioned factors need to be in line with the other and balanced (Tsai, Shen, Lee and Kuo, 2009). This is because a change in one of the factors will lead to drastic change in the other. The quality goals represent the specifications, the project is trying to achieve; the time goals represents the total duration of the project and the cost goals represents the overall budget of the project (Rabaai, 2009; Shi, 2010). At first, the scope of the project will be identified i.e. what were the initial intentions of this TV commercial. It is obvious that the aim of TV commercial will be to reach out to a mass audience and convey messages to the customers. The extent to which the advertisement has been successful in its scope will be evaluated on the basis of the

Progressive era Essay Example for Free

Progressive era Essay The Progressive Era was a period of social and political reformation that flourished under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson. When the United States entered World War 1 on April 6, 1917, the whole nation was united under a moral cause. However, the war quickly busied Americans creating no time for Progressive movements and the events following the war put an end to the Era all together. During the beginning of the war, Wilson’s foreign policy was to remain on a neutral tide. With his reelection, he even won against Charles Hughes under his slogan, â€Å"He kept us out of war†, that persuaded Americans that choosing Hughes would lead them into direct contact with the war. Americans united under this foreign policy trying to stay out of European affairs under the philosophy of isolationism. When Germany’s unauthorized submarines caused for the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and their efforts chose to continue unrestricted submarine warfare the United States was infuriated. This is one factor that kept the United States busy with working to remain excluded from war. However, President Wilson addressed to Congress and declared he wanted â€Å"to make the world safe for democracy†, leading America into World War 1, under this moral cause. (Doc 2) Now that the United States was in the war, Americans started to become less concerned with social reforms and busier working, supporting, and fighting the war together. Women, for one, took over the jobs of all the men who went out to war, and worked to supply the belligerents, keeping women very busy. The United States Food Administration, under Herbert Hoover, promoted rationing of food through â€Å"Meatless Mondays† and â€Å"Wheatless Wednesdays†. This helped to conserve food and save for those fighting overseas. (Doc 6) Trench warfare was how most of World War 1 was fought and living in these trenches was rather a tough condition. This ensured that supporting and working hard together in America for our men was required to aid their health and capability of being able to fight effectively. (Doc 3) The war ended with a high number of casualties for America. Many of these casualties resulted from the influenza epidemic that attacked the world’s population and battle fights, such as those that occurred highly within the use of trenches. (Doc 3) This high death effected lives of Americans and their families, keeping them from being motivated to continue the Progressive movement. The Treaty of Versailles created at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, put an end to World War 1, but did so with a lot of problems. President Wilson, as devised in his 14 Point Peace Plan called for a creation of a League of Nations, an international peace organization. This organization caused for a split in American views. The United States, as a majority, voted not to join, as it took away the power of Congress to declare war and would ruin America’s self-determination. (Doc 9) This split in decision effected formally agreeing and creating more social reforms. The Progressive Era ended with World War 1, as many Americans were too busy with a plethora of events to help the United States fight the war. When the United States entered the war, they were morally united under a new crusade. However, they had to put their further ideas of reformations on hold as the war demanded serious attention to be fought effectively. The further Americans became deeply involved into the war, the further attention was dragged away from the progressive movement. Even after the war was over, Americans were still busy caught up in dealing with the aftermath and the approach of another worldwide outbreak.

An Election Algorithm In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

An Election Algorithm In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay In our increasingly globalised, distributed computer systems have been changed several aspect of our life, especially parallel computing; these days commercial application provide the strength of the development of faster computer, which allow a large amount data in sophisticated way, for instances, economic and financial modelling, database, multimedia technology, and oil exploration. Parallel computing has the ability to solve larger problems, provide the attribute of concurrency, save time and money. Distributed systems architecture leads to a wider use of parallelism as future of computing sector; this evolution made possible to run software on concurrent process on multiple processors. One of the main issues in designing concurrent software is election algorithm. The issue of election algorithm is the very question the current paper seeks to answer. The importance of this issue leads to effectiveness enhancements by develop and design algorithm use a new technique. Therefore, the aims of this dissertation are design and develop this technique, also discuss the benefits of parallel computing. Rationale I have been used the computer and the internet for several of years, my concentration is networks with emphasis in distributed systems. Recently, the internet is vastly interconnected a variety number of computer networks in many different institutions, which make a huge motivation to be professional user; therefore, my MSc course at Oxford Brookes University is really brilliant opportunity for achieving this goal with deep information path for further research in software engineering and networks. In particularly distributed systems are one of the significantly growing on demand in this sector, as they used to accelerate the computational speed of the problem solving. Thus, one of the most fundamental problems in distributed systems is the leader failure, furthermore, it is spectacular to improve and enhance my C language programming. With all these changes in the area of computer industry, my goal to helps and assists for use the election algorithm in distributed systems with a new technique and software for solving the coordinator failure. During study of distributed systems with connecting of parallel computing, this was bring a new interested challenge to go more further in development and contribute to gain wide rang of knowledge, all of these will have prepared me for a future career in computer software engineering and broadened my perspective and enriched my life beyond my career aspiration. Preliminary Research (maybe) Objectives The objectives of this dissertation is to research and develop the theme of an election in distributed systems which allow a group of processes to elect one process to act as a coordinator when a failure happen. However, as well as to achieve this goal PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) and improve the understanding of this environment as it will used as an environment message passing for this project, this facility provides send and receive data message between processes and support concurrent programming, moreover it is easy and simple to spawn a set of processes. One of the most significant advantages of PVM is provide unified framework within parallel programs like cluster, where is possible for a programmer to divide a block of data into tasks that can run concurrently by send and receive data to all processes. This paper will focus on how to produce an election algorithm use above idea. This environment will be written in C language, and there will be a main program (Master), in which the user can initialise and make the declaration for the main attribute of executed program; there are varieties of functions to send and receive all data types during the communication between programs. The second program called (Slave), this program will carryout the operation after receive the data from master program, then packet the result and send it back. Finally, a part from the objectives will be self skills specifically improve project planning, programming as well as project writing skills. Methods The research methods which used to achieve these objectives will be as the following: Research the Oxford Brookes library for books and documentation for the distributed systems and specially an election and agreement, the library has a lot of sources, the book Distributed Systems: Principle and Paradigms [7] has cover important information to achieve the goal of this project; also the book Distributed Systems: Concept and Design [1] the was a brilliant theory to cover the distributed systems. Another book was giving a complete list of function, examples, and explanation to be familiar with virtual environment [2]. On the other hand, research the Internet, which has a lot of useful materials and describing an election algorithm [3]. Study and evaluate some kinds of algorithms those help and develop the topology idea of the project to achieve my goal. Produce a solution design to meet the requirement of the problem, as well as developed which needed for every task and discussed the findings with my supervisor. Moreover, PVM message passing communication design which gives a right direct path for problem solving. Implement every task as a proposed design use PVM library written in C language. System run and testing will be done on Cluster of school of technology. Make a review and keep an arranging to complete writing of the final report. Testing (may) Resources This dissertation will be achieved by using a variety of resources of software and hardware, also some of information and documents sources that cover all the area of the research. Software The environment of code will be writing in C language, that it support concurrent computer and UNIX, as well as it is simple language to understand. Moreover, it is also support the software PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). PVM is mainly designed for using by concurrent and heterogeneous environment; it is possible for providing a virtual view. There are many of useful websites like (http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/). Hardware The Cluster of Brookes School of Technology will be needed to implement the project, and all test and run steps will do on it. The cluster consists of 6 nodes with 1 main node ssh 161.73.146.51 connected as processors and run PVM which installed in every node. Information Sources and Experts Advice There are several of documentation belongs to PVM which can be found in the book of A Users Guide and Tutorial for Networked Parallel Computing as mentioned earlier, and websites [4]. Further more, the lectures of modules software technologies that have a good reference of covering the topic of distributed systems in general. Besides all of this my supervisor/tutor Chris Cox who gives useful advice and information as he is specialise in distributed systems programming. Schedule PERT Chart Gantt Chart Abstract The election algorithm code has been implemented according to the design decision made. It includes function to perform sending and receiving (communication channel) operations for group of functions to Acknowledgement I would like to take the opportunity to thank my supervisor Mr. Chris Cox who was always available to support when I missed up; I am deeply indebted for his constant help and advice. Since this push to more steps in my research, this reflects on the right direction to the target of finishing the dissertation. I want to thank my friend Abobaker Almowfeq for his encouragement and advice. Finally, I dedicated this thesis to my parents and thank them for the supporting throughout my MSc study in the UK. I am honoured to show my respects to them. They were my powerful source of energy. Contents Dissertation Plan Abstract Acknowledgement Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Importance of Concurrent Programming The Need of Election in Distributed Systems Structure of this Document Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Election Algorithm Theory Description Bully Algorithm Ring Algorithm Method Introduction Design Stage The Core Algorithm Comments on the Algorithm Evolution of the Core Algorithm The Software Development C Language PVM Cluster Testing Failure Simulation Testing Function Conclusions Critical Appraisal of the Project Achievement Area of Future Improvement Work Schedule Review Lessons Learnt List of Abbreviation DDMS (Distributed Database Management System) MPI (Message Passing Interface) MPP (Massively Parallel Processing) PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) SMP (Symmetric Multi Processing) List of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction The Importance of Concurrent Programming The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of concurrent programming computing, a concurrent program is a set of sequential programs that can be executed in parallel [book of principles concurrent]. On the theme of distributed systems that enable the computers to coordinate their activities and share hardware, software, and data. The strategies characteristics of the systems which include shared state, multiple computers, and a processor that suited to a particular function to make the improvement for performance and utilization. As well as the concurrent computing have the availability of fault interconnections give the predominance over all the others. All of these offer several advantages: The cost of this computing can be low; each individual task assigned to appropriate architecture that lead to optimized performance. Network computing can be offer a computer task partitioning along of services functions. Another advantage, the computing networks ha ve the capability to execute subtasks of a computation on tolerance. Consequently, one of the major problems that distributed systems face is the failure; this problem can be solved by election algorithm for the agreement to only one node that distinguished and all other nodes aware of it. Thus this paper describes the design and producing an algorithm to achieve communication of parallel programming in virtual environment. The Need of Election in Distributed System Election process is a program distributed over all nodes. When the leader has failed and discovered by one or more nodes, then election starts. The leader election algorithms are used in many topologies. For example, in token ring and when the node that has token fails, a new node should be selected from the system to have the token. The leader election is also used to sole single point failure in client-server that is when the systems need to transfer the leadership to another station and the fail occurs. Many researches have studied the subject of leader election algorithms. The researches presented different techniques and strategies to deal with the election algorithm. The objective of this dissertation is to research the election algorithm in distributed systems and design and develop an election algorithm in distributed systems to choose and agreed with biggest identifier to be coordinator. The software systems PVM used as a library of design and development. Structure of this Documents This dissertation has structured and separated into three parts. The first part describes and discusses the research topic theory of the election algorithm in distributed systems, as provides some applications with description to show and investigate their use in the subject of election algorithm. The second part describes the methodology that adapted to accomplish this dissertation, as well as outline design of the core algorithm and development description which shows the dissertation deliverables. The final part outlines the conclusion with achievement of this project. Chapter 2 Research This section shows the research and development of the related investigation; and moreover, the works that have been done relating election algorithm. It covers the theory of distributed systems and the failure problems; this part was particularly important in the progress of understanding an election and the agreement in distributed systems; and gives a clear idea for design the core algorithm. The need for software technologies module lectures, specially distributed systems was deceive; there were brief description for some material and examples of programming code those were good point to start from for this dissertation. Election Algorithm Theory (in Distributed Systems As more and more, distributed systems have been rapidly changed the field of computer science. Distributed systems are application that executes a collection of autonomous network computers to coordinate and communicate their action. However, the major goal of distributed systems including the ability to connect remote users with remote resources in open scalable way; in other words give an easy way and simple way for the users and application to access remote resources, and sharing the facilities included by efficient/controlled way. Furthermore, the brilliant benefits of sharing resources are vary; the obvious one is economic, that is to say reduce the expenditure for institutions, such as Universities, and also the collaboration will be easier to connect users and resources. This characteristic is a direct as a result of having independent computer [7]. Description An election algorithm: Is an algorithm for solving the coordinator election problem which is choosing a unique process from among a group of processes on different processors to act as central coordinator in distributed system, that is to say a group of processes on different machines need to make agreement to choose a coordinator[7]. However, there is no way to choose/select one process, if all processes are exactly the same and there are no distinguishing characteristics. Accordingly, there requirement is for the choice of elected process to be unique; hence election algorithm attempt to locate process with highest process number and designate it as coordinator [7]. When a failure occurs, which means one or more node fails, or during a communication channel fails the subsystem that enables the nodes/processes to communicate; there is necessity for the nodes to start coordination agreement to elect node for new situation, therefore live nodes can continue working to fulfil their task [3]. Distributed systems have to be adaptable to failures at least by two strategies. The first strategy is a capability for operating continuously and correctly by have software when failures occur (using an algorithm). The other strategy is to take a period of time out to reorganize the system by temporarily halt operation (reorganization by coordinator) [3]. The election algorithms vary, for example: Wired system which are for instances. Bully Algorithm (the biggest guy in town wins) Ring Algorithm Wireless system Very large-scale system Bully Algorithm It is an election algorithm, in the paper of Election in a Distributed Computing Systems by Garcia-Molina [9]; this algorithm can handle process crashes and the presumptions are all processes have got unique identity, all other processes in the network are known by every process and the system is synchronous, that is, there is a maximal time limit T within a request and if the requested process P is alive the request will be answered. However, the algorithm defined as, when there is no responding to the requests from the coordinator, there will an initiating for an election. Therefore: The process P send an election-message to all processors with higher numbers than itself, then P waits for answer-message. The process P will itself elected (P win the election), if the answer-messages are not arrive with in the time T, after that sends a coordinator message to all processors a lower number. Process P will wait a further time period T a coordinator message, if there is one or more answer-message A process P receives an election message and returns the answer-message, then start the algorithm from the beginning if there is nothing have been done before. A process P receives the coordinator message register the senders number and considers it elected. The algorithm will be started , when faulty process restarts; if the process which was previously down comes back up, it holds an election and if happens to be the highest numbered process currently running, this will win the election and take over the job of coordinator. As a result of that the biggest process in all processes always wins; therefore the name is bully algorithm. Here an example of the election of coordinator P2 after the failure of P4 [3]. Election Coordinator Stage 1 Election P1 P4 P3 P2 Answer Election Coordinator Election P1 Stage 2 Election P4 Election P3 P2 Answer Stage 4 Stage 3 coordinator Time out P1 P2 P3 P4 P2 P1 P3 P4 Figure (Bully Algorithm) In this operation, four processes are shown when process P1 detect the failure of the coordinator P4, therefore it is announces an election in the stage 1; during the receiving an election-message from P1, processes P2 and P3 send answer-message to P1 and start their own elect-ion, then in the stage 2, P3 sends an answer-message to P2, for P3 has no answer-message received from P4 which is failed process. Consequently, it decides that it is the coordinator; moreover, in stage 3 P3 fails too before it can send out the coordinator-message. When the timeout period expires for P1, it deduces the absence of the coordinator-message and begins another election; eventually P2 is elected coordinator. Ring Algorithm An election which is suitable for a collection of processes based on the use of a ring; in the book Distributed Systems Concepts and design [1] chapter12 section 12.3 provides a good reference and explanation of the subject of coordination and agreement. However, the messages are sent clockwise around the ring, any process can begin an election initially, every process is marked as nonparticipant in an election, it proceeds by making itself as a participant, so when any process notices that the coordinator is not functioning, it builds an election-message placing its identifier in an election message and sending it to its clockwise neighbour, when an election-message is received by a process, it compare the identifier in the message with its own, the message will be forwarded if the arrived identifier is greater than a received process; whereas, if the arrived identifier is smaller and the receiver is not a participant, then it substitutes its own identifier in the message and forwards it, but if it is already a participant, it does not forward the message. In addition, if the received identifier is that of the receiver itself, thus this identifier must be the greatest, and it becomes the coordinator. Accordingly, the coordinator makes itself as a non-participant once more and sends an elected message to its neighbours announcing its election and enclosing its identity. As well as, if the neighbour process which is received the election message is down, the sender will skip over the neighbour and goes to the next member along the ring, or the one after that until a running process is located. P1 Adds 3 (2 ,3) P1 Coordinator P2 P4 P2 P4 P2 Elected P3 Elect P3 message (2,3) P3 Elect-P2 message (2) P3 Elect-P3 message (2,3) Stage 2 Stage 1 Coordinator = P3 Sends elected P3 (2,3) P1 P4 P2 Elected P3 message P3 receives the message P3 Stage 3 Figure (Ring Algorithm) Supposing P2 detects that coordinator P4 is not responding, thus P2 sets active-list to ( ) and sends elect-P2 message to P3, after P2 sets active-list to (2). However, P3 receives elect-P2 which is the first message has been seen, so P3 sets its active-list to(2,3); then P3 sends elect-P3 towards P4 and sends elect-P2 also respectively, the message will pass P4 and P1 due to their crash and reach P2, the process P2 adds 3 to active-list (2,3), then P2 forward elect-P3 to P3 and receives the elect-P2 message which leads to choose P3 from P2 as the highest processes in its-list (2,3) and sends an elected P3 message, finally P3 receives the elected-P3 and P3 choose P3 as the highest process in its-list. This is an example of process which consists of four processes and the assumption is P1 and P4 are crashed. Distributed Database systems Distributed database technology required to merging of two significant concepts, the integration via the element of database and distribution through the element of networking. Therefore, distributed database management system (DDBMS) provides the powerful tools for managing an integrated collection of shared data, and supply total solution to information processing problems within large organization. Furthermore, the reliability of the data communication facility will be takes into its possibility. However, distributed database require one process to be a unique as coordinator to perform some activities. The [5] provides a reference for using election to choose the coordinator as continuing for duty is required when the coordinator process fails. The election algorithm [6] of TEMPO that running on Berkeley gives another use of choosing a unique process to be coordinator. TEMPO is a distributed system program that adapted on master and slave techniques running on individual process. The reliable communication services for LAN which TEMPO works in and to be sure about its continuity, an election is necessary to elect a new master and should have the ability to perform: withstand the failure of process when the election begin, deal with network partitions, and collect information about the topology of the system by allowing a time daemon. Chapter 3 Method Introduction This chapter describes the design and implementation of the election algorithm. The main point of the design is the aspect which will be used and adapted in order to finish this project; therefore various assumptions and decisions are made to develop main algorithm. In the dissertation proposal report there was assumption idea about the algorithms to be used, but when some design concepts have reviewed and researched the algorithm that based on Bully Algorithm was adapted. All following section covers technical and practical explanation, as well as the process of the design which are made. Finally, testing process to shows the algorithm performance Design Stage The Problem Specification Design After finishing the necessary requirement and research, there were many possible idea gathered in order to produce the design, formulate a clear manner of main election algorithm, and how to achieve the efficient solution to the problem. The design of the communication must take into account the topology of the network, which will be (cluster); the algorithms presented here assume a fully connected topology. Furthermore, the assumption that communications are error free is an abstraction and the assumption of finite but arbitrary transit times for messages is consistent; the algorithm do not to be sensitive to change in the relative speeds of the channel and processors at the nodes, so the correctness will never depend on absolute times. For each node there will be a unique identification number, the message passing model is consistent with that provided with PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). There are two statements for communication: Sending and receiving messages Send (MessageType, Destination [, Parameters]) Receive (MessageType [, Parameters]) For example below node 1 sends a message of type request to node 2 with two integer parameters values 13 and 27. integer k= 13 send (request, 2, k, 27) integer m, n receive (request, m, n) node 1 node 2 (Node communication) When the message is received at node 2, these values are transferred to the variable m and n declared at the node. The core Algorithm Architecture Discuss the algorithm process Send side: Receive side: The design of the algorithm will using fully connected, and it is extremely efficient in that any node can send a message directly to any other nodes, but it is extremely expensive because it needs more communication channel. This design allows process to crush during the election where there are three types of messages; an election message is sent to announce an election; an answer message is sent in response to an election message and coordinator message is sent to announce the identity of the elected process. The drawing below shows four nodes which containing the data structures, that is A node identity and the number chosen by each nod 13 elected message{1.2.3.4} node 1 elected message {1} {1,2,3,4} {1,2} {1,2,3,4} 22 7 node 4 node 2 elected message{1,2} elected message{1,2,3} 18 node 3 {1,2,3} Figure (Fully Communication Architecture) The assumption of the election start from node 1 and the message is send to all other nodes ; and every process marked as nonparticipant in an election, when node 1 initiates/builds the election message placing with it its identifier which is 13 in active list {1} and sends it to all nodes neighbour, when as election message is received by all nodes, they compare the identifier in the message (13) with their own, consequently node 2 sends reply message to all nodes, because other nodes have lower identifier than it does. On another hand, node 4 does not send any reply message, instead adding all other nodes to its active list; also node 3 sends reply to both node 1 and node 4 but not for node 2; node 1 will reply message only to node 4 due to that the identifier number of node 1 is bigger than node 4. When node 2 sends reply message with its identifier which is the highest one to all nodes, its regarded as coordinator election message, and it will wait a period of time, then if it does not receive any reply from the nodes, thus it sends a message to all other nodes declare itself as coordinator. Node status is normal except while the node is in the process of joining a new group. Each node that is not the leader of a group call to checks whether the leader of its group is still alive, by sending a message to the leader and waiting for a reply. If the node does not receive a reply within the timeout period, the node invokes a recovery procedure. Each leader i call a check procedure, which sends message to every other node asking whether that node is a leader. If one or more other nodes reply that it is a leader, node i pauses for a time inversely proportional to its priority (this helps prevent multiple nodes from initiating elections concurrently) and then calls a merge procedure. The merge procedure sends message to all of other leaders, inviting them to join a new group with the inviting node as leader. When the leader i receives an invitation, it forwards the invitation to the other members of its group. A node i that receives an invitation (directly or indirectly), sends an accept message to the proposed leader of the group. If node I receives a reply to its accept message within some time-out period, then node i joins the new group, otherwise, node i calls the recovery procedure. If two nodes are in the same group, then they have the same leader at all times, for all operational node i and j, if status i = normal and status j = normal. Reliable Broadcast To ensure essentially that all correct processes deliver the same message, and that messages broadcast by correct processes are delivered. Furthermore, it ensures that no different messages with the same identifier are delivered. The consideration that, the reliable broadcast is executed by function broadcast (message) as the following: Reliable broadcast1 Validity: If a correct process broadcast message M, then some correct processes eventually deliver M. Reliable broadcast2 Agreement: If a correct process delivers a message M, then some correct processes eventually deliver M. Reliable broadcast3 Integrity: For any identifier ID, every correct process p delivers at most one message M with identifier ID, and if sender (M) is correct then M was previously broadcast by sender (M). The election message will use the flag, so the flag is used by application to inform which node is alive or dead, and below there is some assumption for that Comments on the core Algorithm First of all, the design in these algorithms have been influenced by Because the sender It long words here Amer Evolution on the core Algorithm Software Development When the choice of the design has made, and finishing the messages passing communication mechanism for the election algorithm. Furthermore, after final manner for the communication topology has chosen and proved , some technical and technology materials are required to reach the goal of this dissertation, like which kind of library and hardware to be used to implement, run and test the algorithm, also which language to be easy for the programming. Thus, the following sections discuss these issues. The C Language The simplicity of C language to learn, understand, and the advantage of its widely spread led me to make the choice to be adapted it as a programming language for the code of this project. Moreover, it is origin as the language of UNIX operating systems. This also gives more advantage as PVM library written in C, so it specifies a standard library with an extensive set of function that being powerful and efficient language. It is support low level of both applications the distributed and the network one. The Cluster Computers A computer cluster is a set of connected or linked computers that working close to each other through high speed local area networks to form a single computer. A cluster at least has two computer that called nodes, one master which typically has a job scheduler that arrange the work to slave

Value of an Education Essay -- Education School College

Value of an Education In today's society education is really important. Education has evolved a lot over time and has shaped American society. Back in the day, education was not as important because many jobs did not have educational requirements. In those days you could have a high school diploma and get a good job. Today, if you only have a high school diploma the types of jobs that you can get include fast food restaurants or maybe construction work. Getting your college degree is very essential to your economic success and your ability to get a good job that pays well. Prior to entering college in the fall, I felt that college would be very challenging for me because of what my friends that were already attending college told me. I feel that high school as a whole does not prepare you for work at the college level. Many people in high school study very little or they might not study at all and they can still maintain an A average. At the college level you can not study very little and expect to get the same results. If high school better prepared students for college there would be more college students making it to their sophomore years of college instead of dropping out. Another big difference between high school and college is the fact that there is so much freedom in college. In high school you are on such a tight leash that you are forced to do things that you aren't forced to do in college. For example, in high school, if you don't go to class, your parents will be notified. In college, you're on your own and you need to make the decision t o go class as scheduled. I think that this is one of the main reasons why students flunk out of college. Many students at the age of 18 and 19 see that most classes don't take ... ...education very highly, so it is fitting that the University of Kentucky do the same. Values teach us that we can reach as high as we can, rather than cutting ourselves short. The University offers highest standards of achievement which enable students to realize their full potential. I believe that the University of Kentucky is a good school that supports every student to be the best they can be. " A school that operates with a set of values that ensures a common and consistent code of respectful and responsible behavior makes a significant difference. Students learn far better when they are a part of a school that consciously applies values education policies, behavior strategies and teaching programs that employs trained teachers who can discuss values issues in all areas of the curriculum." Lawley, Judy. Living Values. Values Education, 2003

Macbeth :: essays research papers

"Macbeth Essay" In the play Macbeth we see many common themes that do emerge. One of which is the theme of ambition which will at the end eventually lead to the death of the main character. We see this in the eventual death of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In this essay I hope to show the dominant theme of ambition and how it leads to the downfall of the main characters in the play. We first start to see Macbeth getting his ambition to become king in his quote when he says "if chance will have me king, why chance may crown me, without my stir"(I.iii.34-37). Here we see that Macbeth is growing impatient and eager to become the king. He just doesn’t want to sit back and wait for himself to be crowned and let destiny run it’s course, he wants to be part of it when it happens, and he wants to be king right now. And this is when it all turns downhill. He is starting to become very ambitious for the thrown. We will also soon see that he will stop at nothing short of killing the current king and he will even go so far as to kill one of his friends, and try to kill his son in order to try and become the new king. Next we see this theme again when Macbeth says "Me thought I heard a voice cry "Sleep no more, Macbeth does murder sleep," the innocent sleep"(II.ii.64-66). Here again we see Macbeth is starting to hear voices and he is starting to go a little crazy. Here is where things really start to head downhill, and they go down fast. Because of Macbeth’s ambition for king he has killed the current king. Now he thinks he is hearing voices that keep him from getting his sleep. And as we will later see, Macbeth will eventually die due to his over eager ambition to become the new king. The event of killing the king will set into play a whole chain of events that will soon show the downfall of Macbeth from his short lived thrown. On the other hand we can also see this ambition with Lady Macbeth. She also shows us the signs that she is getting over ambitious to become the new queen when she says "Thou wouldst be great; Art not without Ambition, but without, the illness should attend it"(I.

Women Police Officers

Women police officers is a developing field just like many occupations women have undertaken. Today we are realizing the rewards of having both female and male officers working together. However, it took time for this concept to progress. The addition of women police officers has received assorted reactions from the public and police officers alike. I will explore the development and need for women police officers for an effective police department, inclusion of female police officers should be carried out to ensure a more diverse police culture. Women began working in law enforcement as matrons. Their work often fell along the lines of social work duties working primarily with women and children often hired by departments after being widowed from a fellow officer. Women struggle for recognition and advancement in police departments, for example the first sworn female police officer, Lola Baldwin, from Portland Oregon. Her job duties were largely of a social work nature, protecting young women working at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in 1905. Fortunately, her success in this task led to her swearing in as an officer with the power to conduct arrests in 1908. Following suit, in 1910, the Los Angeles Police Department swore in Alice Wells as the country's first â€Å"policewoman†. In 1912 the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department swore in Margaret Adams as the nations' first female deputy sheriff however her responsibilities typically involved evidence processing. During the Great Depression and World War II, approximately 1930-1940s, women progression in law enforcement came to a halt do to having to directly compete with men for jobs. Though they were able to continue to work in law enforcement it was more in the support capacity with roles such as dispatch and other desk oriented duties. In the 1950s women in law enforcement moved from behind the desk and out onto the streets with the male police officers. There are many causes for this advancement but most of the credit goes to the formation of the International Association of Women Police in 1956 and police departments increased battle with prostitution and illegal drug sales in the 1960s. This new war on drugs allowed for the expansion and need for more female police officers to assist with specialized operations. During the 1970s the presence of female officers in police departments became increasingly accepted by the general public because of the 1972, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was implemented outlawing gender discrimination in public agencies, including police departments, breaking the glass ceiling to further expand opportunities for women in law enforcement, later establishing several law enforcement association devoted to women. Over the last few decades women police officers have brought a unique face to policing. They have experienced trials and struggles to be acknowledged and respected in the various levels of policing. Financial security and prestige are some of the reasons women join law eforement agencies. Taking up the challenge of being a cop and accomplishing it is a rewarding feeling to women who are expected to fail in a male dominated field. Across American states law enforcement agaencies have been accused of using brutal force when dealing with suspects. Deployment of women in the police force will reduce cases of use of force because women tend to handle suspected offenders in a human way. The American police department has evolved since its inception in 1657 in Northern America. It has undergone structural changes as it works on acheieving its goal of citizen protection. Among the noticeable change is the acceptance of women in the law enforcement agency. Women working for the American police department were only allowed to work in the office. Field matters were only left to men. Women did not wear police uniform like their male counter parts. The first police officer to join the American enforcement agency was Alice Stebbins Wells. She joined the police department in 1910. Before she joined law enforcement, Wells was a minister in Kansas, Alice petitioned the mayor of Los Angles to find her a position in the police department so that she could help in handing crime cases touching on children and women. (women could only do what job) A debate has been raging on a motion to boost the number of women officers in different states police department. Women are better than men in terms of handling suspects. Women deal with many violent criminals just like men, respond well to violent calls, defused crimes that were about to happen with the same expertise like male law enforcers. Women receive fewer complaints, accusations, involved in fewer shooting incidents than male counterparts. *According to Joseph Wambaugh, body size and stamina could no longer be used to determine one's capability to join and survive the law enforcement units. He further stressed that gone were the days when interrogation on suspects cold be carried forcefully. Women are good at getting people to talk without using force. Hiring more women cops will reduce the number of cost and lawsuits associaited with use of brutal force by male police officers. ((Crime & Center, 2005) Women deescalate tense situations by treating suspects with respect. Having women who are known to handle suspects in a human way will bridge the gap that exists between communities and law enforcement agencies because the suspect and their families feel more comfortable cooperating with officials. Handling of violence against women incidents has been a challenge in law enforcement. Inclusion of more women will help how victims are handled. In conclusion, increasing the number of women in law enforcement agencies will also improe its tarnished image of policing department that uses brutal force when handing offenders. The community will view the police as all round law enforcement catering to the needs of both men and women. Incidents of brutality will greatly reduce since studies and real time situation have proved women handle suspects while considering the laid laws of dealing with offenders. The succeeding in male dominated fields thus policing careers will not be an exception. The story of women in law enforcement continues to evolve as police departments discover that female officers bring particular gifts and abilities to the profession. These advantages often include a less confrontational style than that of their male partners, a lower likelihood of use of excessive force, the ability to exercise empathy and effectively diffuse difficult situations —especially domestic calls, and a larger field of awareness in stressful situations. Female officers' abilities often complement those of male officers, resulting in a tactical as well as an investigative advantage when male-female teams are deployed. These advantages, if leveraged, can only advance the evolution of female service in law enforcement, and benefit the profession and those we serve and protect. There are many stories of women who helped shape our profession — some are famous, others infamous, and still others are women whose stories are not widely known but are fascinating nonetheless. Further, there are countless stories right now being written by the women law enforcers patrolling the streets across this great nation. What will your story be? Law enforcement as a career has been increasingly more popular for women in the recent years however the numbers have not increased greatly. In 2001 women accounted for only 12.7% of all sworn law enforcement positions in large agencies. It is a fact that women officers make less arrest than men officers however the arrest made by female officers tend to hold up better in court. Female officers do not appear to call in for support or assistance any more than their male counterparts. Yet they have been found to be as capable as male officers dealing with violent or angry situations. Evidence shows that because their appearance is less dangerous women officers have an advantage in dangerous situation resulting in avoiding injury to all parties involved. The acceptance of women on patrol seems to have been embraced better by the public than by males officers. Female officers have reported feeling of isolation and perceived hostilities from co workers have suggested as potential problems. Female officers are exposed to the same environmental stressors as male police officers but are not viewed as competent and may experience role conflict and job uncertainty.

Deception Point Page 3

He clucked ruefully. â€Å"Thirty-four. Almost an old maid. You know by the time I was thirty-four, I'd already-â€Å" â€Å"Married Mom and screwed the neighbor?† The words came out louder than Rachel had intended, her voice hanging naked in an ill-timed lull. Diners nearby glanced over. Senator Sexton's eyes flash-froze, two ice-crystals boring into her. â€Å"You watch yourself, young lady.† Rachel headed for the door. No, you watch yourself, senator. 2 The three men sat in silence inside their ThermaTech storm tent. Outside, an icy wind buffeted the shelter, threatening to tear it from its moorings. None of the men took notice; each had seen situations far more threatening than this one. Their tent was stark white, pitched in a shallow depression, out of sight. Their communication devices, transport, and weapons were all state-of-the-art. The group leader was code-named Delta-One. He was muscular and lithe with eyes as desolate as the topography on which he was stationed. The military chronograph on Delta-One's wrist emitted a sharp beep. The sound coincided in perfect unison with beeps emitted from the chronographs worn by the other two men. Another thirty minutes had passed. It was time. Again. Reflexively, Delta-One left his two partners and stepped outside into the darkness and pounding wind. He scanned the moonlit horizon with infrared binoculars. As always, he focused on the structure. It was a thousand meters away – an enormous and unlikely edifice rising from the barren terrain. He and his team had been watching it for ten days now, since its construction. Delta-One had no doubt that the information inside would change the world. Lives already had been lost to protect it. At the moment, everything looked quiet outside the structure. The true test, however, was what was happening inside. Delta-One reentered the tent and addressed his two fellow soldiers. â€Å"Time for a flyby.† Both men nodded. The taller of them, Delta-Two, opened a laptop computer and turned it on. Positioning himself in front of the screen, Delta-Two placed his hand on a mechanical joystick and gave it a short jerk. A thousand meters away, hidden deep within the building, a surveillance robot the size of a mosquito received his transmission and sprang to life. 3 Rachel Sexton was still steaming as she drove her white Integra up Leesburg Highway. The bare maples of the Falls Church foothills rose stark against a crisp March sky, but the peaceful setting did little to calm her anger. Her father's recent surge in the polls should have endowed him with a modicum of confident grace, and yet it seemed only to fuel his self-importance. The man's deceit was doubly painful because he was the only immediate family Rachel had left. Rachel's mother had died three years ago, a devastating loss whose emotional scars still raked at Rachel's heart. Rachel's only solace was knowing that the death, with ironic compassion, had liberated her mother from a deep despair over a miserable marriage to the senator. Rachel's pager beeped again, pulling her thoughts back to the road in front of her. The incoming message was the same. – RPRT DIRNRO STAT – Report to the director of NRO stat. She sighed. I'm coming, for God's sake! With rising uncertainty, Rachel drove to her usual exit, turned onto the private access road, and rolled to a stop at the heavily armed sentry booth. This was 14225 Leesburg Highway, one of the most secretive addresses in the country. While the guard scanned her car for bugs, Rachel gazed out at the mammoth structure in the distance. The one-million-square-foot complex sat majestically on sixty-eight forested acres just outside D.C. in Fairfax, Virginia. The building's facade was a bastion of one-way glass that reflected the army of satellite dishes, antennas, and rayodomes on the surrounding grounds, doubling their already awe-inspiring numbers. Two minutes later, Rachel had parked and crossed the manicured grounds to the main entrance, where a carved granite sign announced NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE OFFICE (NRO) The two armed Marines flanking the bulletproof revolving door stared straight ahead as Rachel passed between them. She felt the same sensation she always felt as she pushed through these doors†¦ that she was entering the belly of a sleeping giant. Inside the vaulted lobby, Rachel sensed the faint echoes of hushed conversations all around her, as if the words were sifting down from the offices above. An enormous tiled mosaic proclaimed the NRO directive: ENABLING U.S. GLOBAL INFORMATION SUPERIORITY, DURING PEACE AND THROUGH WAR. The walls here were lined with massive photographs – rocket launches, submarine christenings, intercept installations – towering achievements that could be celebrated only within these walls. Now, as always, Rachel felt the problems of the outside world fading behind her. She was entering the shadow world. A world where the problems thundered in like freight trains, and the solutions were meted out with barely a whisper. As Rachel approached the final checkpoint, she wondered what kind of problem had caused her pager to ring twice in the last thirty minutes. â€Å"Good morning, Ms. Sexton.† The guard smiled as she approached the steel doorway. Rachel returned the smile as the guard held out a tiny swab for Rachel to take. â€Å"You know the drill,† he said. Rachel took the hermetically sealed cotton swab and removed the plastic covering. Then she placed it in her mouth like a thermometer. She held it under her tongue for two seconds. Then, leaning forward, she allowed the guard to remove it. The guard inserted the moistened swab into a slit in a machine behind him. The machine took four seconds to confirm the DNA sequences in Rachel's saliva. Then a monitor flickered on, displaying Rachel's photo and security clearance. The guard winked. â€Å"Looks like you're still you.† He pulled the used swab from the machine and dropped it through an opening, where it was instantly incinerated. â€Å"Have a good one.† He pressed a button and the huge steel doors swung open. As Rachel made her way into the maze of bustling corridors beyond, she was amazed that even after six years here she was still daunted by the colossal scope of this operation. The agency encompassed six other U.S. installations, employed over ten thousand agents, and had operating costs of over $10 billion per year. In total secrecy, the NRO built and maintained an astonishing arsenal of cutting-edge spy technologies: worldwide electronic intercepts; spy satellites; silent, embedded relay chips in telecomm products; even a global naval-recon network known as Classic Wizard, a secret web of 1,456 hydrophones mounted on seafloors around the world, capable of monitoring ship movements anywhere on the globe. NRO technologies not only helped the United States win military conflicts, but they provided an endless stream of peacetime data to agencies such as the CIA, NSA, and Department of Defense, helping them thwart terrorism, locate crimes against the environment, and give policymakers the data needed to make informed decisions on an enormous array of topics. Rachel worked here as a â€Å"gister.† Gisting, or data reduction, required analyzing complex reports and distilling their essence or â€Å"gist† into concise, single-page briefs. Rachel had proven herself a natural. All those years of cutting through my father's bullshit, she thought. Rachel now held the NRO's premier gisting post-intelligence liaison to the White House. She was responsible for sifting through the NRO's daily intelligence reports, deciding which stories were relevant to the President, distilling those reports into single-page briefs, and then forwarding the synopsized material to the President's National Security Adviser. In NRO-speak, Rachel Sexton â€Å"manufactured finished product and serviced the customer.†

Astronomy Frontier paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Astronomy Frontier - Research Paper Example Recent discoveries by the astronomers illustrate that BHs are the major partner to expand the galaxies. Before finding the activities of black holes, it is necessary to mention here the size and shape of BHs. A black hole is observed by three factors: All these three factors, mass, gravity and emission of radiations, are responsible to generate accretion. McClintock is of the opinion that this is common notion among the astronomers that accretion is one of the main originators of the universe. The accretion disks have powerful influence on galaxy. The energy, produced by the motion of accretion disc around black hole, generates stars development, builds or destroys galaxy structure, and reloads the large amount of elements which has a constructive engagement for planet construction. There is a great question, partially answered, that â€Å"what is the actual relationship between galaxy and black hole?† â€Å"Why are the black holes necessary for galaxy?† â€Å"Why do galaxies generate the black holes in it?† The astronomers have discovered that early galaxies (about 4 galaxies) were 30 times large to black holes in them. But every galaxy has black hole in center so it has been concluded that the black hole generates stars around it and then galaxy breeds (Cattaneo and Best 518–523). Practically, almost all the big galaxies congregate a BH in it. The black holes vary in size and mass. It can be in millions of cosmological masses. As the mass and quantity of black holes increase the galaxy gains a great change in it. The activities of accretion discs enable galactic nuclei to gain the heat and eject the heavy gases from it. Jeffrey E. McClintock, Ph.D., Senior Astrophysicist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, says: â€Å"There is strong evidence that a supermassive black hole lies at the center of the Milky Way. Astronomers believe this black hole is a radio-wave source known as Sagittarius A* (SgrA*). The

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CJ350 International Terrorism - Essay Example He is generally regarded as the founder of the modern Irish state, but the Fine Gael (political party) people look upon him as the father of their movement. Neil Jordans movie on Michael Collins (1996) depicts the controversy of life and death of the political activists and places itself at the core of Irish political independence. The movie begins with the Easter Uprising (number of Irish men against British troops) at Dublin in 1916. The rebellion is halted by shooting down the Irish leaders and some taken to jail (Michael Collins was one of them). After release, he promises himself to avenge this event by using guerilla techniques instead of availing traditional warfare. Collins set out by starting to kill the British informants and thus destroying the Intelligence network. After the murder of a group of elite British Intelligence people on a Sunday, the Britishers set out for vengeance as well. Eamon de Valera, the Irish President was against this and ordered a traditional war against British. This resulted in a massacre of Irish troops. Michael Collins was sent to England to create a free Irish state and a loyal British colony in I reland. This being unaccepted by the president resulted in a civil war and consequent death of Collins. Michael Collins has been known as the father of modern terrorism and invented some techniques, which are alike to urban guerilla tactics of today. During world war I Ireland was under the British rule and the rebellion was essentially to free Ireland from British control. The idea of guerilla tactics was due to the fact that the big super powers (Britain and America) with large troops and greater availability of war resources believed in conventional war and to face them terrorists’ methods would be more appropriate in order to cover up the lack in numbers. Besides setting up the intelligence agency,

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Analyze one week of world economy - Essay Example For Instance, Shares in the US fell to about 1.6% with those in China dropping to 2.1% (FXSreet n.p). Essentially, the US economy in the last week had a negative economic index after weeks of positive show in the market. The -4 index manifest in the world largest economy is still the best in many years after the 2008 recession. The US economy has in the past week suffered significantly with numbers dropping in key sectors of the economy effectively slowing growth. The snow and bad weather has been sighted as one of the negative consequences weighing down on the US economy in recent weeks. The labor market registered lower work rates with a significant number of people filing for unemployment benefits. Despite the numerous challenges experienced in the last week, the stock market was bully on 5th registering positive indices. Though the Japanese economy gained the most among the world largest economies, the EU remained extensively versatile and bullish. The rate of inflation registered a negative value in the last week with unemployment falling significantly. The monetary regime in the EU has remained relatively stable to the dollar effectively making the banks to lower the interest rates. Japan was bullish in the market based on a number of fundamental facts (FXSreet n.p). To begin with, The Japanese economy registered a fall in the rate of inflation, though not to the expected levels. The low oil markets impacted positively to the market with most of the prices falling. While the Chinese president announced of the intentions to grow the economy by 7%, various departments of the economy recorded negative numbers with the overall impact being 2.1% (Economic Calendar n.p). The rate of inflation was high with unemployment rates remaining on a downward trend. It is imperative to note that the Chinese market has suffered a number of setbacks and going by the

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Staffing Organizations-Part 2 - Essay Example The Gourmet Coffee Shop is a small organization and does not have the budget or staff to run its own staffing purposes and? therefore? an outside recruitment group can give the coffee shop with a full level of service? For example these agencies can help in advertising, identifying recruitment needs, along with background checks, examining the references of candidates etc. Using external recruitment agencies can be a little expensive, but on the other hand? it is the most sensible decision for company that does not have its own recruitment purpose. A recruitment financial plan will be formulated, which would include the staffing price, equipment and supplies cost along with salaries and benefits. After the recruiting and organizing period is complete, the next strategy of the coffee shop will be to choose â€Å"targeted versus open recruitment†, as the business is seeking particular individuals with certain, skills, knowledge, capacity and other features. Utilizing the open re cruitment method will entail a high quantity of candidates making the selection procedure exceptionally difficult. 2. Create a Communication Message (Realistic, Brand or Targeted) to Attract Applicants to the Open Position. When creating a communication message, it needs to be focused on being attractive and appealing to the target applicants. The main goal here is to capture the attention of potential applicants. Once this is achieved, the next step is to maintain their attention. This stage consists of the communication medium and message notifying the vacancy of jobs. â€Å"The   communication   process   consists   of   a   message   being   sent   and   received.  The message maybe verbal or non-verbal.   The   same   basic   principles   apply   whether   humans,   animals,   other   forms of   life,   or   combinations   of   these   are   involved† (The Communication Process, n.d. par.1). The message can be reali stic, targeted or branded. The medium for distribution can be a job posting, potential supervisors and peers? and extra written documents. These messages have to be expressed through some medium to the recipient. It is necessary that this message should be recognized by the recipient in the same meaning as intended by the sender. He or she must react in a time structure. Therefore, the communication is a two way method and is incomplete without a feedback from the receiver to the correspondent on how well the message is decoded by him. 3. Select the Communication Medium for the Recruitment Effort and Explain why that Method was Chosen Over Others. Communication can happen through several mediums. These mediums are assembled into four main types, which are verbal, written, visual communications and nonverbal. Whereas a number of mediums of communication, for instance talking, are much clearer than others, such as body language, every medium is significant for communication among peop le. In this case the select physical media. Physical media refers to a channel where the individual who is talking can be heard and seen by the viewers. The entire point here is to be capable of not only hearing the messages but also to watching and interpreting the body language. This does not require being two-way channels. In certain conditions the receiver expects physical communication. â€Å"If a message is perceived as important to the receiver they expect to hear it live from their

The contribution of the Key people Essay Example for Free

The contribution of the Key people Essay With reference to at least two different areas of study, discuss the contribution of the Key people, Movements, or traditions to the concept/theme of faith. The Oxford English dictionary defines faith as, complete trust, an unquestioning confidence. Many people, in defining faith, speak about believing in the impossible or trusting in something/someone without proof. As Watton states, Faith is our attitude in the presence of someone, or some event, whose goodness and greatness is greater than we can fully grasp, describe or explain. According to Michael P Gallagher, Faith is a gift of god a human yes of recognition spoken to a divine yes of love. Faith is about a journey, and a quest. A search for truth and meaning. Within the 2 areas of study- the theology of Luke and the Celtic Church and its missionary outreach in the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, I will examine the concept of faith in relation to key people. I am also going to look at the religious theme surrounding faith-universality. In both Lukes gospel and the Celtic Church a number of key people are called to faith, to leave their old life and join Jesus in a new life of faith. In Lukes gospel, one key person who is called to faith is Simon. Jesus, in the call of the first fishermen asked the disciples to put out their boats. They did as Jesus commanded and a great catch of fish occurs. Simon falls to his knees and said, Depart from me Lord for I am a sinful man. Simons response is like that of Patrick who also bowed down in humility. He is shown as one with great faith and as a key person in Lukes gospel as he left his nets and followed Jesus. Likewise, as in Lukes Gospel we see that Simon arises as a key person who is called to a life of faith, so too in the Celtic Church Patrick emerges as a key person in responding faithfully to Gods call. Patrick was a nominal Christian who found God similar to the call Simon. Patrick was also aware of his sinfulness. I, Patrick, a sinneram to advert to my sins and turn whole heartedly to the Lord my God. In reflection, both Simon, and Patrick are faithful believers and key people in the theme of faith. As Simon is called by God to be a universal Saviour, Patrick too received this call and answers it by in turn calling all sections of Irish society to faith in Christ- I am going to the ends of the earth. Furthermore, for the key people in Lukes gospel and the Celtic Church, the call to faith involves a ministry. A group of key people in Lukes gospel are the 72 disciples. They are central examples of faith and are key people in carrying out Jesus mission. The mission of the 72 was to be a universal one. Luke continually underlines the disciples attempt throughout their ministry to bring salvation and faith to all Jesus taught. It was their work which led to the spread of the Christian faith. Similarly, in the Celtic Church, CB surfaces as a key person in spreading the faith. CB was also called to be a universal saviour and inspired many followers- he had to found a 3rd monastery in Fontaines due to the popularity. He worked with great energy for 24 years bringing people to faith in France, Switzerland, and Italy. His influence continued for centuries after his death as those he converted to faith now handed on the faith. The brothers he taught evangelised untold numbers and founded over 100 monasteries to protect learning and spread the faith. Thus, within the 2 areas of study, faith involved a ministry for the key people, in this case for the disciples in Lukes gospel and for the Celtic Church in the form of CB. Furthermore, it becomes apparent in reading both Lukes Gospel and the Celtic Church that faith involved opposition and difficulty. To follow the Lords conversion to faith involves sacrifice of family, jobs, security, and is fraught with many difficulties. In Lukes gospel, all key people encountered difficulties and opposition to their faith. The widows mite is one example of how faith is very costly. Jesus noticed the widow putting in 2 small coins and he said, I tell you that this poor widow has put in more than all the rest; she has offered her whole livelihood. This was an example of her total faith in God. It is also evident that the faith of key people within the Celtic Church also involved a huge cost. As the poor widow gave up all her possessions, so too were the monks in the early Irish Church expected to take vows of poverty and renunciation. Colmcille turned his back on his distinguished background, and travelled to Iona wishing to be a pilgrim for Christ. This demonstrates his total faith and obedience in Christ. It is therefore evident that faith involves opposition, difficulties, and conflict. Just as the widow encountered the cost of discipleship in Luke, so too did Colmcille face difficulties to his faith in the Celtic Church. Moreover, it becomes apparent that women, in both Lukes Gospel and the Celtic Church, were key figures. As Powell states, women figure more prominently in this book than anywhere else in the New Testament. Mary received a call to faith from God through a personal messenger. Her faith is explicitly shown in the magnificant. Mary responded faithfully to the request. Women in the Celtic Church are also shown to be key figures. Just as Mary displayed a great trust in God in becoming his handmaid, Bridget too answered her call in accepting the veil. She saw her call to faith as strengthening the church in Ireland. One way she did this was by building a double monastery at Kildare in order to bring people to faith. However the female disciples also encounter difficulties in their faith. They are seen as 2nd class citizens and often faced opposition. The widow at Nain for example was classed as an outcast because she had no male representative. Likewise Bridgit encountered opposition from her father in deciding to dedicate her life to God. Finally, it seems apparent that key people, both in Luke, and the Celtic Church are further demanded to show mercy and forgiveness as a way of bringing others back to faith in God. Jesus illustrates this demand to his disciples many times. The parables of the lost show Gods eagerness to bring people back to the faith. The disciples are to forgive others 7 times 70, forgiveness should be unlimited. Likewise, Patrick stands out as a key person in the Celtic Church who has obeyed Gods demand of mercy. Patricks letter to Corocticus illustrates his willingness to forgive even at the last minute before death. So, in reflection, it is evident that for the key people, both in the Celtic Church and in Lukes gospel, a life of faith involved many demands. In conclusion, the concept of faith is an important issue both in Lukes gospel and the Celtic Church. Jesus was the faithful believer who inspired faith in key people like Mary, the 72 disciples, and the first fishermen. Faith was also integral to the lives of the saints and the missionaries of the Celtic Church. Faith in Luke and the Celtic Church involved a call to faith, a ministry of faith, and opposition to faith. Many key women in Luke and the Celtic Church also exhibited faith. The concept of faith also has relevance for human experience today.